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backscatterPedestrian

Backscatter radar signals from pedestrian

Since R2019a

Description

backscatterPedestrian creates an object that simulates signals reflected from a walking pedestrian. The pedestrian walking model coordinates the motion of 16 body segments to simulate natural motion. The model also simulates the radar reflectivity of each body segment. From this model, you can obtain the position and velocity of each segment and the total backscattered radiation as the body moves.

After creating the pedestrian, you can move the pedestrian by calling the move object function. To obtain the reflected signal, call the reflect object function. You can plot the instantaneous position of the body segments using the plot object function.

Creation

Syntax

pedestrian = backscatterPedestrian
pedestrian = backscatterPedestrian(Name,Value,...)

Description

pedestrian = backscatterPedestrian creates a pedestrian target model object, pedestrian. The pedestrian model includes 16 body segments – left and right feet, left and right lower legs, left and right upper legs, left and right hip, left and right lower arms, left and right upper arms, left and right shoulders, neck, and head.

pedestrian = backscatterPedestrian(Name,Value,...) creates a pedestrian object, pedestrian, with each specified property Name set to the specified Value. You can specify additional name-value pair arguments in any order as (Name1,Value1,...,NameN,ValueN). Any unspecified properties take default values. For example,

pedestrian = backscatterPedestrian( ...
              'Height',2,'WalkingSpeed',0.5, ...
              'InitialPosition',[0;0;0],'InitialHeading',90);
models a two-meter tall woman or man moving along the positive y-axis at one-half meter per second.

Properties

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Height of pedestrian, specified as a positive scalar. Units are in meters.

Data Types: double

Walking speed of pedestrian, specified as a non-negative scalar. The motion model limits the walking speed to 1.4 times the pedestrian height set in the Height property. Units are in meters per second.

Data Types: double

Signal propagation speed, specified as a positive scalar. Units are in meters per second. The default propagation speed is the value returned by physconst('LightSpeed'). See physconst for more information.

Example: 3e8

Data Types: double

Carrier frequency of narrowband incident signals, specified as a positive scalar. Units are in Hz.

Example: 1e9

Data Types: double

Initial position of the pedestrian, specified as a 3-by-1 real-valued vector in the form of [x;y;z]. Units are in meters.

Data Types: double

Initial heading of pedestrian, specified as a scalar. Heading is measured in the xy-plane from the x-axis towards y-axis. Units are in degrees.

Data Types: double

Object Functions

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movePosition and velocity of walking pedestrian
reflectReflected signal from walking pedestrian
plotDisplay stick figure showing the positions of all body segments of pedestrian
stepRun System object algorithm
releaseRelease resources and allow changes to System object property values and input characteristics
resetReset internal states of System object

Examples

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Compute the reflected radar signal from a pedestrian moving along the x-axis away from the origin. The radar operates at 24 GHz and is located at the origin. The pedestrian is initially 100 meters from the radar. Transmit a linear FM waveform having a 300 MHz bandwidth. The reflected signal is captured at the moment the pedestrian starts to move and at two seconds into the motion.

Create a linear FM waveform and a free space channel to propagate the waveform.

c = physconst('Lightspeed');
bw = 300.0e6;
fs = bw;
fc = 24.0e9;
wav = phased.LinearFMWaveform('SampleRate',fs,'SweepBandwidth',bw);
x = wav();
channel = phased.FreeSpace('OperatingFrequency',fc,'SampleRate',fs, ...
    'TwoWayPropagation',true);

Create the pedestrian object. Set the initial position of the pedestrian to 100 m on the x-axis with initial heading along the positive x-direction. The pedestrian height is 1.8 m and the pedestrian is walking at 0.5 meters per second.

pedest = backscatterPedestrian( 'Height',1.8, ...
    'OperatingFrequency',fc,'InitialPosition',[100;0;0], ...
    'InitialHeading',0,'WalkingSpeed',0.5);

The first call to the move function returns the initial position, initial velocity, and initial orientation of all body segments and then advances the pedestrian motion two seconds ahead.

[bppos,bpvel,bpax] = move(pedest,2,0);

Transmit the first pulse to the pedestrian. Create 16 replicas of the signal and propagate them to the positions of the pedestrian body segments. Use the rangeangle function to compute the arrival angle of each replica at the corresponding body segment. Then use the reflect function to return the coherent sum of all the reflected signals from the body segments at the pedestrian initial position.

radarpos = [0;0;0];
xp = channel(repmat(x,1,16),radarpos,bppos,[0;0;0],bpvel);
[~,ang] = rangeangle(radarpos,bppos,bpax);
y0 = reflect(pedest,xp,ang);

Obtain the position, velocity, and orientation of each body segment then advance the pedestrian motion another two seconds.

[bppos,bpvel,bpax] = move(pedest,2,0);

Transmit and propagate the second pulse to the new position of the pedestrian.

radarpos = [0;0;0];
xp = channel(repmat(x,1,16),radarpos,bppos,[0;0;0],bpvel);
[~,ang] = rangeangle(radarpos,bppos,bpax);
y1 = reflect(pedest,xp,ang);

Match-filter and plot both of the reflected pulses. The plot shows the increased delay of the matched filter output as the pedestrian walks away.

filter = phased.MatchedFilter('Coefficients',getMatchedFilter(wav));
ymf = filter([y0 y1]);
t = (0:size(ymf,1)-1)/fs;
plot(t*1e6,abs(ymf))
xlabel('Time (microsec)')
ylabel('Magnitude')
title('Match-Filtered Reflected Signals')
legend('Signal 1','Signal 2')

Figure contains an axes object. The axes object with title Match-Filtered Reflected Signals, xlabel Time (microsec), ylabel Magnitude contains 2 objects of type line. These objects represent Signal 1, Signal 2.

Zoom in and show the time delays for each signal.

plot(t*1e6,abs(ymf))
xlabel('Time (microsec)')
ylabel('Magnitude')
title('Matched-Filtered Reflected Signals')
axis([50.65 50.7 0 .0026])
legend('Signal 1','Signal 2')

Figure contains an axes object. The axes object with title Matched-Filtered Reflected Signals, xlabel Time (microsec), ylabel Magnitude contains 2 objects of type line. These objects represent Signal 1, Signal 2.

Create a pedestrian object. Set the initial position of the pedestrian to 100 m on the x-axis with initial heading along the positive x-direction. The pedestrian height is 1.8 m and the pedestrian is walking at 1.5 meters per second.

fc = 24.0e9;
pedest = backscatterPedestrian( 'Height',1.8, ...
    'OperatingFrequency',fc,'InitialPosition',[100;0;0], ...
    'InitialHeading',0,'WalkingSpeed',1.5);

Obtain and plot the detailed motion of the right and left lower arms of the pedestrian by capturing their positions every 1/10th of a second.

blla = zeros(3,100);
brla = blla;
t = zeros(1,100);
T = .1;
for k = 1:100
    [bppos,bpvel,bpax] = move(pedest,T,0);
    blla(:,k) = bppos(:,9);
    brla(:,k) = bppos(:,10);
    t(k) = T*(k-1);
end
plot(t,brla(1,:),t,blla(1,:))
title('Pedestrian Arm Motion')
xlabel('Time (sec)')
ylabel('Distance (m)')
legend('Right Lower Arm','Left Lower Arm')

Figure contains an axes object. The axes object with title Pedestrian Arm Motion, xlabel Time (sec), ylabel Distance (m) contains 2 objects of type line. These objects represent Right Lower Arm, Left Lower Arm.

Display the motion of a pedestrian walking a square path. Create the pedestrian using a backscatterPedestrian object with default values except for height which is 1.7 meters. Advance and display the pedestrian position every 3 milliseconds. First, the pedestrian moves along the positive x-axis, then along the positive y-axis, along the negative x-axis, and finally along the negative y-axis to return to the starting point.

ped = backscatterPedestrian('Height',1.7);
dt = 0.003;
N = 3600;
for m = 1:N
    if (m < N/4)
        angstep = 0.0;
    end
    if (m >= N/4)
        angstep = 90.0;
    end
    if (m >= N/2)
        angstep = 180.0;
    end
    if (m >= 3*N/4)
        angstep = 270.0;
    end
    move(ped,dt,angstep);
    plot(ped)
end

Figure Pedestrian Trajectory contains an axes object. The axes object with title Pedestrian Trajectory, xlabel X (m), ylabel Y (m) contains 2 objects of type line. One or more of the lines displays its values using only markers

References

[1] Victor Chen, The Micro-Doppler Effect in Radar, Artech House, 2011.

[2] Ronan Boulic, Nadia Magnenat-Thalmann, Daniel Thalmann, A Global Human Walking Model with Real-time Kinematic Personification, The Visual Computer: International Journal of Computer Graphics, Vol. 6, Issue 6, Dec 1990.

Extended Capabilities

C/C++ Code Generation
Generate C and C++ code using MATLAB® Coder™.

Version History

Introduced in R2019a