Novel Energy-Efficient Clustering with NOMA in WSNs

NOMA + Adaptive Cluster Head (CH) rotation + Residual Energy Aware Scheduling (REAS).

NOMA + Adaptive Cluster Head (CH) rotation + Residual Energy Aware Scheduling (REAS).

• NOMA Integration: Cluster members transmit simultaneously on the same resource using different power levels (strong users assigned less power, weak users assigned more).
• Adaptive CH Rotation: Instead of fixed periodic CH changes (as in LEACH), CHs are re-elected based on residual energy and node degree (neighbors count).
• REAS: Cluster members are scheduled dynamically to avoid draining low-energy nodes, i.e., users with low residual energy get lower transmission duty cycle.

Residual Energy Aware Scheduling (REAS) - weak nodes transmit less often, extending their lifetime.

Adaptive CH rotation - balances energy among nodes.

Degree + Energy based CH selection - avoids isolated CHs.

NOMA-based intra-cluster communication - efficient bandwidth usage.