5G NR Downlink ACLR Measurement

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This example shows how to measure the adjacent channel leakage ratio (ACLR) for 5G NR test models (NR-TMs) in frequency range 1 (FR1) and FR2 using 5G Toolbox™.

Introduction

The ACLR is the ratio of the filtered mean power centered on the assigned channel frequency to the filtered mean power centered on an adjacent channel frequency. This example performs ACLR measurements for an NR downlink waveform, as defined in TS 38.104 Section 6.6.3. To model the effect of out-of-band spectral emissions, the example applies spectral regrowth on an oversampled waveform by using a high power amplifier (HPA) model.

Generate NR-TM Waveform

Use the MATLAB class hNRReferenceWaveformGenerator to generate 5G NR-TMs for FR1 and FR2. You can generate the NR-TM waveforms by specifying these parameters:

NR-TM name
Channel bandwidth
Subcarrier spacing
Duplexing mode

For more information, see the 5G NR-TM and FRC Waveform Generation example.

% Select the NR-TM waveform parameters
nrtm = "NR-FR1-TM1.2";  % NR-TM name and properties
bw   = "20MHz";  % Channel bandwidth
scs  = "15kHz";  % Subcarrier spacing
dm   = "FDD";  % Duplexing mode

% Create generator object for the above NR-TM
tmWaveGen = hNRReferenceWaveformGenerator(nrtm,bw,scs,dm);

% Ensure no windowing to highlight impact of filtering on ACLR
tmWaveGen = makeConfigWritable(tmWaveGen);
tmWaveGen.Config.WindowingPercent = 0;    

% Generate waveform
[tmWaveform,tmWaveInfo] = generateWaveform(tmWaveGen);
samplingRate = tmWaveInfo.Info.SamplingRate;   % Waveform sampling rate (Hz)

% Visualize the associated PRB and subcarrier resource grids
displayResourceGrid(tmWaveGen);

Display Results

The associated PRB resource grid (top) depicts the allocation of the different components (PDCCH, PDSCH, CORESET and SS Burst) in each BWP. The grid does not plot the amplitude of the signals only the signal locations in the grid.
The SCS specific carrier resource grids (middle) along with the minimum guardbands, aligned relative to the overall channel bandwidth.
The subcarrier resource grid (bottom) indicates the amplitude levels of the generated waveform. If just one color is shown, all the components have the same amplitude.

Calculate ACLR Parameters

The helper function hACLRParametersNR.m calculates the parameters required for ACLR measurement.

The function determines the required oversampling. If the input waveform sampling rate (samplingRate) is not sufficient to span the entire bandwidth (aclr.BandwidthACLR) of the adjacent channels (allowing for a maximum of 85% bandwidth occupancy), you can use an upsampled version of the waveform for ACLR calculations. The upsampling factor is aclr.OSR.

aclrParameters = hACLRParametersNR(tmWaveGen.Config);
disp(aclrParameters);

            Bandwidth: 20000000
    SubcarrierSpacing: 15000
      BandwidthConfig: 19080000
        BandwidthACLR: 100000000
                  OSR: 4
         SamplingRate: 122880000

Filter Waveform to Improve ACLR

The generated waveform has no filtering, so there are significant out-of-band spectral emissions owing to the implicit rectangular pulse shaping in the OFDM modulation (each OFDM subcarrier has a sinc shape in the frequency domain). Filtering the waveform improves ACLR performance.

Design a filter with a transition band that starts at the edge of the occupied transmission bandwidth (aclr.BandwidthConfig) and stops at the edge of the overall channel bandwidth (aclr.Bandwidth). This filter involves no rate change, it just shapes the spectrum within the original bandwidth of the waveform.

% Design filter
lpFilt = designfilt('lowpassfir',...
    'PassbandFrequency',aclrParameters.BandwidthConfig/2,...
    'StopbandFrequency',aclrParameters.Bandwidth/2,...
    'PassbandRipple',0.1,...
    'StopbandAttenuation',80,...
    'SampleRate',samplingRate);

% Apply filter
filtTmWaveform = filter(lpFilt,tmWaveform);

Oversampling and HPA Nonlinearity Model

To create a signal capable of representing 1st and 2nd adjacent carriers, for example, to represent aclr.BandwidthACLR with at most 85% bandwidth occupancy, oversample the NR waveform. After oversampling the signal, employ an HPA model to generate out-of-band distortion. For example, to simulate the HPA behaviour, you can use the Rapp method, which is widely used in wireless applications to generate AM/AM distortion. In MATLAB®, you can use the Memoryless Nonlinearity object to model the Rapp method. To highlight the impact of filtering on the ACLR measurements, apply the oversampling and HPA nonlinearities first to the filtered NR signal and then to the same NR signal without filtering.

% Apply required oversampling
resampled = resample(tmWaveform,aclrParameters.OSR,1);           % Not filtered
filtResampled = resample(filtTmWaveform,aclrParameters.OSR,1);   % Filtered

% Create and configure a memoryless nonlinearity to model the amplifier
nonLinearity = comm.MemorylessNonlinearity;
nonLinearity.Method = 'Rapp model';
nonLinearity.Smoothness = 3;              % p parameter          
nonLinearity.LinearGain = 0.5;            % dB
nonLinearity.OutputSaturationLevel = 2;   % It limits the output signal level  

% Signal conditioning to control the HPA input back-off level
resampled = resampled/max(abs(resampled));                % Not filtered
filtResampled = filtResampled/max(abs(filtResampled));    % Filtered

% Apply the amplifier model to the NR waveforms
txWaveform = nonLinearity(resampled);           % Not filtered
txFiltWaveform = nonLinearity(filtResampled);   % Filtered

Calculate NR ACLR

The hACLRMeasurementNR.m helper function measures the NR ACLR using a square window on adjacent channels. This function takes a DFT of the measurement signal and uses the energy of the appropriate bins to calculate the adjacent channel powers.

% Calculate NR ACLR
aclr = hACLRMeasurementNR(aclrParameters,txWaveform);           % Not filtered
filtAclr = hACLRMeasurementNR(aclrParameters,txFiltWaveform);   % Filtered

The hACLRMeasurementNR.m helper function returns the ACLR measurements in a structure with these fields:

Bandwidth: the channel bandwidth associated with tmWaveform, in Hertz. This is the overall bandwidth of the assigned channel.
SubcarrierSpacing: the subcarrier spacing associated with tmWaveform, in Hertz.
BandwidthConfig: the transmission bandwidth configuration associated with tmWaveform, in Hertz. This is the bandwidth within the channel bandwidth that contains active subcarriers.
BandwidthACLR: the bandwidth required to represent 1st and 2nd adjacent carriers; the sampling rate used internally for ACLR measurements will support this bandwidth with at most 85% bandwidth occupancy.
OSR: the integer oversampling ratio of the input tmWaveform required to create a signal capable of representing 1st and 2nd adjacent carriers.
SamplingRate: the sampling rate of the internal measurement signal from which the ACLR is calculated. If OSR = 1, this signal is the input waveform; if OSR > 1, this signal is the input waveform upsampled by OSR. Therefore: aclr.SamplingRate = OSR*samplingRate.
CarrierFrequency: a vector of NR center frequencies, in Hertz, for adjacent channels [-2,-1,1,2].
SignalPowerdBm: the power, in decibels relative to 1 mW in 1 ohm, of the input within the NR channel of interest, for example in a square filter of bandwidth aclr.BandwidthConfig centered at 0 Hz.
ACLRdB: a vector of NR ACLRs, in decibels relative to aclr.SignalPowerdBm, measured for adjacent channels [-2,-1,1,2].

Calculate Error Vector Magnitude

The hNRPDSCHEVM.m helper function measures the error vector magnitude (EVM) of NR-TM or fixed reference channel (FRC) waveforms. The function calculates the root mean square (RMS) and peak EVMs per OFDM symbol, slot, subcarrier, and overall EVM.

% EVM configuration parameters  
evmCfg.PlotEVM = false;
evmCfg.SampleRate = aclrParameters.SamplingRate;
evmCfg.Label = tmWaveGen.ConfiguredModel{1};

% Measure the EVM related statistics for the transmitted waveform without filtering
evmInfo = hNRPDSCHEVM(tmWaveGen.Config,txWaveform,evmCfg)

 RMS EVM, Peak EVM, slot 0: 0.105 0.217%
 RMS EVM, Peak EVM, slot 1: 0.106 0.223%
 RMS EVM, Peak EVM, slot 2: 0.105 0.219%
 RMS EVM, Peak EVM, slot 3: 0.105 0.217%
 RMS EVM, Peak EVM, slot 4: 0.105 0.215%
 RMS EVM, Peak EVM, slot 5: 0.105 0.221%
 RMS EVM, Peak EVM, slot 6: 0.105 0.216%
 RMS EVM, Peak EVM, slot 7: 0.106 0.222%
 RMS EVM, Peak EVM, slot 8: 0.105 0.219%
 RMS EVM, Peak EVM, slot 9: 0.103 0.216%
Averaged RMS EVM frame 0: 0.105%
Averaged overall RMS EVM: 0.105%
Overall Peak EVM = 0.22297%

evmInfo = struct with fields:
     SubcarrierRMS: [1272×1 double]
    SubcarrierPeak: [1272×1 double]
         SymbolRMS: [140×1 double]
        SymbolPeak: [140×1 double]
           SlotRMS: [10×1 double]
          SlotPeak: [10×1 double]
           EVMGrid: [1272×140 double]
        OverallEVM: [1×1 struct]

% Measure the EVM related statistics for the transmitted waveform with filtering
evmInfoFilt = hNRPDSCHEVM(tmWaveGen.Config,txFiltWaveform,evmCfg);

 RMS EVM, Peak EVM, slot 0: 0.242 0.624%
 RMS EVM, Peak EVM, slot 1: 0.252 0.626%
 RMS EVM, Peak EVM, slot 2: 0.238 0.653%
 RMS EVM, Peak EVM, slot 3: 0.230 0.663%
 RMS EVM, Peak EVM, slot 4: 0.259 0.600%
 RMS EVM, Peak EVM, slot 5: 0.273 0.761%
 RMS EVM, Peak EVM, slot 6: 0.245 0.616%
 RMS EVM, Peak EVM, slot 7: 0.246 0.662%
 RMS EVM, Peak EVM, slot 8: 0.230 0.617%
Averaged overall RMS EVM: 0.246%
Overall Peak EVM = 0.76051%

Display Results

The hACLRResultsNR.m helper function displays the NR ACLR and plots the NR spectrum and the adjacent channel leakage ratios.

Not Filtered

According to TS 38.104 Section 6.6.3.2, the minimum required ACLR for conducted measurements is 45 dB. As some of these ACLR values are lower than 45 dB, they do not fall within the requirements.

hACLRResultsNR(aclr,txWaveform,'(not Filtered)');

            Bandwidth: 20000000
    SubcarrierSpacing: 15000
      BandwidthConfig: 19080000
        BandwidthACLR: 100000000
                  OSR: 4
         SamplingRate: 122880000
     CarrierFrequency: [-40000000 -20000000 20000000 40000000]
       SignalPowerdBm: 19.3990
               ACLRdB: [78.2467 40.8353 40.3653 79.5133]

Filtered

The performance improves when the generated waveform is filtered. The ACLR results with the filtered waveform are higher than the minimum required value.

hACLRResultsNR(filtAclr,txFiltWaveform,'(Filtered)');

            Bandwidth: 20000000
    SubcarrierSpacing: 15000
      BandwidthConfig: 19080000
        BandwidthACLR: 100000000
                  OSR: 4
         SamplingRate: 122880000
     CarrierFrequency: [-40000000 -20000000 20000000 40000000]
       SignalPowerdBm: 19.3963
               ACLRdB: [78.2486 71.8595 71.7697 79.5098]

Appendix

This example uses the following helper functions and classes:

hACLRMeasurementNR.m
hACLRParametersNR.m
hACLRResultsNR.m
hNRReferenceWaveformGenerator.m

References

[1] 3GPP TS 38.104. “NR; Base Station (BS) radio transmission and reception.” 3rd Generation Partnership Project; Technical Specification Group Radio Access Network.