Vehicle Detection Using DAG Network Based YOLO v2 Deployed to FPGA
This example shows how to train and deploy a you only look once (YOLO) v2 object detector.
Deep learning is a powerful machine learning technique that you can use to train robust object detectors. Several techniques for object detection exist, including Faster R-CNN and you only look once (YOLO) v2. This example trains a YOLO v2 vehicle detector using the trainYOLOv2ObjectDetector function.
Load Dataset
This example uses a small vehicle dataset that contains 295 images. Many of these images come from the Caltech Cars 1999 and 2001 data sets, available at the Caltech Computational Vision website, created by Pietro Perona and used with permission. Each image contains one or two labeled instances of a vehicle. A small dataset is useful for exploring the YOLO v2 training procedure, but in practice, more labeled images are needed to train a robust detector. The data set is attached to the example. Unzip the vehicle images and load the vehicle ground truth data.
unzip vehicleDatasetImages.zip data = load('vehicleDatasetGroundTruth.mat'); vehicleDataset = data.vehicleDataset;
The vehicle data is stored in a two-column table, where the first column contains the image file paths and the second column contains the vehicle bounding boxes.
% Add the fullpath to the local vehicle data folder.
vehicleDataset.imageFilename = fullfile(pwd,vehicleDataset.imageFilename);Split the dataset into training and test sets. Select 60% of the data for training and the rest for testing the trained detector.
rng(0); shuffledIndices = randperm(height(vehicleDataset)); idx = floor(0.6 * length(shuffledIndices) ); trainingDataTbl = vehicleDataset(shuffledIndices(1:idx),:); testDataTbl = vehicleDataset(shuffledIndices(idx+1:end),:);
Use imageDatastore and boxLabelDataStore to create datastores for loading the image and label data during training and evaluation.
imdsTrain = imageDatastore(trainingDataTbl{:,'imageFilename'});
bldsTrain = boxLabelDatastore(trainingDataTbl(:,'vehicle'));
imdsTest = imageDatastore(testDataTbl{:,'imageFilename'});
bldsTest = boxLabelDatastore(testDataTbl(:,'vehicle'));Combine image and box label datastores.
trainingData = combine(imdsTrain,bldsTrain); testData = combine(imdsTest,bldsTest);
Create a YOLO v2 Object Detection Network
A YOLO v2 object detection network is composed of two subnetworks. A feature extraction network followed by a detection network. The feature extraction network is typically a pretrained CNN (for details, see Pretrained Deep Neural Networks). This example uses ResNet-18 for feature extraction. You can also use other pretrained networks such as MobileNet v2 or ResNet-50 depending on application requirements. The detection sub-network is a small CNN compared to the feature extraction network and is composed of a few convolutional layers and layers specific for YOLO v2.
Use the yolov2Layers (Computer Vision Toolbox) function to create a YOLO v2 object detection network automatically given a pretrained ResNet-18 feature extraction network. yolov2Layers requires you to specify several inputs that parameterize a YOLO v2 network:
Network input size
Anchor boxes
Feature extraction network
First, specify the network input size and the number of classes. When choosing the network input size, consider the minimum size required by the network itself, the size of the training images, and the computational cost incurred by processing data at the selected size. When feasible, choose a network input size that is close to the size of the training image and larger than the input size required for the network. To reduce the computational cost of running the example, specify a network input size of [224 224 3], which is the minimum size required to run the network.
inputSize = [224 224 3];
Define the number of object classes to detect.
numClasses = width(vehicleDataset)-1;
Note that the training images used in this example are bigger than 224-by-224 and vary in size, so you must resize the images in a preprocessing step prior to training.
Next, use estimateAnchorBoxes (Computer Vision Toolbox) to estimate anchor boxes based on the size of objects in the training data. To account for the resizing of the images prior to training, resize the training data for estimating anchor boxes. Use transform to preprocess the training data, then define the number of anchor boxes and estimate the anchor boxes. Resize the training data to the input image size of the network using the supporting function yolo_preprocessData.
trainingDataForEstimation = transform(trainingData,@(data)yolo_preprocessData(data,inputSize)); numAnchors = 7; [anchorBoxes, meanIoU] = estimateAnchorBoxes(trainingDataForEstimation, numAnchors)
anchorBoxes = 7×2
145 126
91 86
161 132
41 34
67 64
136 111
33 23
meanIoU = 0.8651
For more information on choosing anchor boxes, see Estimate Anchor Boxes From Training Data (Computer Vision Toolbox) (Computer Vision Toolbox) (Computer Vision Toolbox™) and Anchor Boxes for Object Detection (Computer Vision Toolbox) (Computer Vision Toolbox).
Now, use resnet18 to load a pretrained ResNet-18 model.
featureExtractionNetwork = resnet18;
Select 'res4b_relu' as the feature extraction layer to replace the layers after 'res4b_relu' with the detection subnetwork. This feature extraction layer outputs feature maps that are downsampled by a factor of 16. This amount of downsampling is a good trade-off between spatial resolution and the strength of the extracted features, as features extracted further down the network encode stronger image features at the cost of spatial resolution. Choosing the optimal feature extraction layer requires empirical analysis.
featureLayer = 'res4b_relu';Create the YOLO v2 object detection network. .
lgraph = yolov2Layers(inputSize,numClasses,anchorBoxes,featureExtractionNetwork,featureLayer);
You can visualize the network using analyzeNetwork or Deep Network Designer from Deep Learning Toolbox™.
If more control is required over the YOLO v2 network architecture, use Deep Network Designer to design the YOLO v2 detection network manually. For more information, see Design a YOLO v2 Detection Network (Computer Vision Toolbox) (Computer Vision Toolbox).
Data Augmentation
Data augmentation is used to improve network accuracy by randomly transforming the original data during training. By using data augmentation you can add more variety to the training data without actually having to increase the number of labeled training samples.
Use transform to augment the training data by randomly flipping the image and associated box labels horizontally. Note that data augmentation is not applied to the test and validation data. Ideally, test and validation data should be representative of the original data and is left unmodified for unbiased evaluation.
augmentedTrainingData = transform(trainingData,@yolo_augmentData);
Preprocess Training Data and Train YOLO v2 Object Detector
Preprocess the augmented training data, and the validation data to prepare for training.
preprocessedTrainingData = transform(augmentedTrainingData,@(data)yolo_preprocessData(data,inputSize));
Use trainingOptions to specify network training options. Set 'ValidationData' to the preprocessed validation data. Set 'CheckpointPath' to a temporary location. This enables the saving of partially trained detectors during the training process. If training is interrupted, such as by a power outage or system failure, you can resume training from the saved checkpoint.
options = trainingOptions('sgdm', ... 'MiniBatchSize', 16, .... 'InitialLearnRate',1e-3, ... 'MaxEpochs',20,... 'CheckpointPath', tempdir, ... 'Shuffle','never');
Use trainYOLOv2ObjectDetector (Computer Vision Toolbox) function to train YOLO v2 object detector.
[detector,info] = trainYOLOv2ObjectDetector(preprocessedTrainingData,lgraph,options);
************************************************************************* Training a YOLO v2 Object Detector for the following object classes: * vehicle Training on single CPU. Initializing input data normalization. |========================================================================================| | Epoch | Iteration | Time Elapsed | Mini-batch | Mini-batch | Base Learning | | | | (hh:mm:ss) | RMSE | Loss | Rate | |========================================================================================| | 1 | 1 | 00:00:02 | 8.43 | 71.1 | 0.0010 | | 5 | 50 | 00:01:26 | 0.71 | 0.5 | 0.0010 | | 10 | 100 | 00:02:46 | 0.75 | 0.6 | 0.0010 | | 14 | 150 | 00:04:04 | 0.53 | 0.3 | 0.0010 | | 19 | 200 | 00:05:23 | 0.48 | 0.2 | 0.0010 | | 20 | 220 | 00:05:53 | 0.57 | 0.3 | 0.0010 | |========================================================================================| Detector training complete. *************************************************************************
As a quick test, run the detector on one test image. Make sure you resize the image to the same size as the training images.
I = imread(testDataTbl.imageFilename{2});
I = imresize(I,inputSize(1:2));
[bboxes,scores] = detect(detector,I);Display the results.
I_new = insertObjectAnnotation(I,'rectangle',bboxes,scores);
figure
imshow(I_new)
Load Pretrained Network
Load the pretrained network.
snet=detector.Network; I_pre=yolo_pre_proc(I);
Use analyzeNetwork to obtain information about the network layers:
analyzeNetwork(snet)
Create Target Object
Create a target object for your target device with a vendor name and an interface to connect your target device to the host computer. Interface options are JTAG (default) and Ethernet. Vendor options are Intel or Xilinx. Use the installed Xilinx Vivado Design Suite over an Ethernet connection to program the device.
hTarget = dlhdl.Target('Xilinx', 'Interface', 'Ethernet');
Create Workflow Object
Create an object of the dlhdl.Workflow class. When you create the object, specify the network and the bitstream name. Specify the saved pre-trained series network, trainedNetNoCar, as the network. Make sure the bitstream name matches the data type and the FPGA board that you are targeting. In this example, the target FPGA board is the Zynq UltraScale+ MPSoC ZCU102 board. The bitstream uses a single data type.
hW=dlhdl.Workflow('Network', snet, 'Bitstream', 'zcu102_single','Target',hTarget)
hW =
Workflow with properties:
Network: [1×1 DAGNetwork]
Bitstream: 'zcu102_single'
ProcessorConfig: []
Target: [1×1 dlhdl.Target]
Compile YOLO v2 Object Detector
To compile the snet series network, run the compile function of the dlhdl.Workflow object .
dn = hW.compile
### Compiling network for Deep Learning FPGA prototyping ...
### Targeting FPGA bitstream zcu102_single ...
### The network includes the following layers:
1 'data' Image Input 224×224×3 images with 'zscore' normalization (SW Layer)
2 'conv1' Convolution 64 7×7×3 convolutions with stride [2 2] and padding [3 3 3 3] (HW Layer)
3 'bn_conv1' Batch Normalization Batch normalization with 64 channels (HW Layer)
4 'conv1_relu' ReLU ReLU (HW Layer)
5 'pool1' Max Pooling 3×3 max pooling with stride [2 2] and padding [1 1 1 1] (HW Layer)
6 'res2a_branch2a' Convolution 64 3×3×64 convolutions with stride [1 1] and padding [1 1 1 1] (HW Layer)
7 'bn2a_branch2a' Batch Normalization Batch normalization with 64 channels (HW Layer)
8 'res2a_branch2a_relu' ReLU ReLU (HW Layer)
9 'res2a_branch2b' Convolution 64 3×3×64 convolutions with stride [1 1] and padding [1 1 1 1] (HW Layer)
10 'bn2a_branch2b' Batch Normalization Batch normalization with 64 channels (HW Layer)
11 'res2a' Addition Element-wise addition of 2 inputs (HW Layer)
12 'res2a_relu' ReLU ReLU (HW Layer)
13 'res2b_branch2a' Convolution 64 3×3×64 convolutions with stride [1 1] and padding [1 1 1 1] (HW Layer)
14 'bn2b_branch2a' Batch Normalization Batch normalization with 64 channels (HW Layer)
15 'res2b_branch2a_relu' ReLU ReLU (HW Layer)
16 'res2b_branch2b' Convolution 64 3×3×64 convolutions with stride [1 1] and padding [1 1 1 1] (HW Layer)
17 'bn2b_branch2b' Batch Normalization Batch normalization with 64 channels (HW Layer)
18 'res2b' Addition Element-wise addition of 2 inputs (HW Layer)
19 'res2b_relu' ReLU ReLU (HW Layer)
20 'res3a_branch2a' Convolution 128 3×3×64 convolutions with stride [2 2] and padding [1 1 1 1] (HW Layer)
21 'bn3a_branch2a' Batch Normalization Batch normalization with 128 channels (HW Layer)
22 'res3a_branch2a_relu' ReLU ReLU (HW Layer)
23 'res3a_branch2b' Convolution 128 3×3×128 convolutions with stride [1 1] and padding [1 1 1 1] (HW Layer)
24 'bn3a_branch2b' Batch Normalization Batch normalization with 128 channels (HW Layer)
25 'res3a' Addition Element-wise addition of 2 inputs (HW Layer)
26 'res3a_relu' ReLU ReLU (HW Layer)
27 'res3a_branch1' Convolution 128 1×1×64 convolutions with stride [2 2] and padding [0 0 0 0] (HW Layer)
28 'bn3a_branch1' Batch Normalization Batch normalization with 128 channels (HW Layer)
29 'res3b_branch2a' Convolution 128 3×3×128 convolutions with stride [1 1] and padding [1 1 1 1] (HW Layer)
30 'bn3b_branch2a' Batch Normalization Batch normalization with 128 channels (HW Layer)
31 'res3b_branch2a_relu' ReLU ReLU (HW Layer)
32 'res3b_branch2b' Convolution 128 3×3×128 convolutions with stride [1 1] and padding [1 1 1 1] (HW Layer)
33 'bn3b_branch2b' Batch Normalization Batch normalization with 128 channels (HW Layer)
34 'res3b' Addition Element-wise addition of 2 inputs (HW Layer)
35 'res3b_relu' ReLU ReLU (HW Layer)
36 'res4a_branch2a' Convolution 256 3×3×128 convolutions with stride [2 2] and padding [1 1 1 1] (HW Layer)
37 'bn4a_branch2a' Batch Normalization Batch normalization with 256 channels (HW Layer)
38 'res4a_branch2a_relu' ReLU ReLU (HW Layer)
39 'res4a_branch2b' Convolution 256 3×3×256 convolutions with stride [1 1] and padding [1 1 1 1] (HW Layer)
40 'bn4a_branch2b' Batch Normalization Batch normalization with 256 channels (HW Layer)
41 'res4a' Addition Element-wise addition of 2 inputs (HW Layer)
42 'res4a_relu' ReLU ReLU (HW Layer)
43 'res4a_branch1' Convolution 256 1×1×128 convolutions with stride [2 2] and padding [0 0 0 0] (HW Layer)
44 'bn4a_branch1' Batch Normalization Batch normalization with 256 channels (HW Layer)
45 'res4b_branch2a' Convolution 256 3×3×256 convolutions with stride [1 1] and padding [1 1 1 1] (HW Layer)
46 'bn4b_branch2a' Batch Normalization Batch normalization with 256 channels (HW Layer)
47 'res4b_branch2a_relu' ReLU ReLU (HW Layer)
48 'res4b_branch2b' Convolution 256 3×3×256 convolutions with stride [1 1] and padding [1 1 1 1] (HW Layer)
49 'bn4b_branch2b' Batch Normalization Batch normalization with 256 channels (HW Layer)
50 'res4b' Addition Element-wise addition of 2 inputs (HW Layer)
51 'res4b_relu' ReLU ReLU (HW Layer)
52 'yolov2Conv1' Convolution 256 3×3×256 convolutions with stride [1 1] and padding 'same' (HW Layer)
53 'yolov2Batch1' Batch Normalization Batch normalization with 256 channels (HW Layer)
54 'yolov2Relu1' ReLU ReLU (HW Layer)
55 'yolov2Conv2' Convolution 256 3×3×256 convolutions with stride [1 1] and padding 'same' (HW Layer)
56 'yolov2Batch2' Batch Normalization Batch normalization with 256 channels (HW Layer)
57 'yolov2Relu2' ReLU ReLU (HW Layer)
58 'yolov2ClassConv' Convolution 42 1×1×256 convolutions with stride [1 1] and padding [0 0 0 0] (HW Layer)
59 'yolov2Transform' YOLO v2 Transform Layer. YOLO v2 Transform Layer with 7 anchors. (SW Layer)
60 'yolov2OutputLayer' YOLO v2 Output YOLO v2 Output with 7 anchors. (SW Layer)
### Optimizing series network: Fused 'nnet.cnn.layer.BatchNormalizationLayer' into 'nnet.cnn.layer.Convolution2DLayer'
5 Memory Regions created.
Skipping: data
Compiling leg: conv1>>pool1 ...
Compiling leg: conv1>>pool1 ... complete.
Compiling leg: res2a_branch2a>>res2a_branch2b ...
Compiling leg: res2a_branch2a>>res2a_branch2b ... complete.
Compiling leg: res2b_branch2a>>res2b_branch2b ...
Compiling leg: res2b_branch2a>>res2b_branch2b ... complete.
Compiling leg: res3a_branch1 ...
Compiling leg: res3a_branch1 ... complete.
Compiling leg: res3a_branch2a>>res3a_branch2b ...
Compiling leg: res3a_branch2a>>res3a_branch2b ... complete.
Compiling leg: res3b_branch2a>>res3b_branch2b ...
Compiling leg: res3b_branch2a>>res3b_branch2b ... complete.
Compiling leg: res4a_branch1 ...
Compiling leg: res4a_branch1 ... complete.
Compiling leg: res4a_branch2a>>res4a_branch2b ...
Compiling leg: res4a_branch2a>>res4a_branch2b ... complete.
Compiling leg: res4b_branch2a>>res4b_branch2b ...
Compiling leg: res4b_branch2a>>res4b_branch2b ... complete.
Compiling leg: yolov2Conv1>>yolov2ClassConv ...
Compiling leg: yolov2Conv1>>yolov2ClassConv ... complete.
Skipping: yolov2Transform
Skipping: yolov2OutputLayer
Creating Schedule...
.....................
Creating Schedule...complete.
Creating Status Table...
....................
Creating Status Table...complete.
Emitting Schedule...
....................
Emitting Schedule...complete.
Emitting Status Table...
......................
Emitting Status Table...complete.
### Allocating external memory buffers:
offset_name offset_address allocated_space
_______________________ ______________ ________________
"InputDataOffset" "0x00000000" "24.0 MB"
"OutputResultOffset" "0x01800000" "4.0 MB"
"SchedulerDataOffset" "0x01c00000" "4.0 MB"
"SystemBufferOffset" "0x02000000" "28.0 MB"
"InstructionDataOffset" "0x03c00000" "4.0 MB"
"ConvWeightDataOffset" "0x04000000" "20.0 MB"
"EndOffset" "0x05400000" "Total: 84.0 MB"
### Network compilation complete.
dn = struct with fields:
weights: [1×1 struct]
instructions: [1×1 struct]
registers: [1×1 struct]
syncInstructions: [1×1 struct]
Program the Bitstream onto FPGA and Download Network Weights
To deploy the network on the Zynq® UltraScale+™ MPSoC ZCU102 hardware, run the deploy function of the dlhdl.Workflow object . This function uses the output of the compile function to program the FPGA board by using the programming file.The function also downloads the network weights and biases. The deploy function checks for the Xilinx Vivado tool and the supported tool version. It then starts programming the FPGA device by using the bitstream, displays progress messages and the time it takes to deploy the network.
hW.deploy
### Programming FPGA Bitstream using Ethernet... Downloading target FPGA device configuration over Ethernet to SD card ... # Copied /tmp/hdlcoder_rd to /mnt/hdlcoder_rd # Copying Bitstream hdlcoder_system.bit to /mnt/hdlcoder_rd # Set Bitstream to hdlcoder_rd/hdlcoder_system.bit # Copying Devicetree devicetree_dlhdl.dtb to /mnt/hdlcoder_rd # Set Devicetree to hdlcoder_rd/devicetree_dlhdl.dtb # Set up boot for Reference Design: 'AXI-Stream DDR Memory Access : 3-AXIM' Downloading target FPGA device configuration over Ethernet to SD card done. The system will now reboot for persistent changes to take effect. System is rebooting . . . . . . ### Programming the FPGA bitstream has been completed successfully. ### Loading weights to Conv Processor. ### Conv Weights loaded. Current time is 04-Jan-2021 13:59:03
Load the Example Image and Run The Prediction
Execute the predict function on the dlhdl.Workflow object and display the result:
[prediction, speed] = hW.predict(I_pre,'Profile','on');
### Finished writing input activations.
### Running single input activations.
Deep Learning Processor Profiler Performance Results
LastFrameLatency(cycles) LastFrameLatency(seconds) FramesNum Total Latency Frames/s
------------- ------------- --------- --------- ---------
Network 16974672 0.07716 1 16974672 13.0
conv1 2224187 0.01011
pool1 573166 0.00261
res2a_branch2a 972763 0.00442
res2a_branch2b 972632 0.00442
res2a 209363 0.00095
res2b_branch2a 972674 0.00442
res2b_branch2b 973107 0.00442
res2b 209914 0.00095
res3a_branch1 538478 0.00245
res3a_branch2a 747078 0.00340
res3a_branch2b 904530 0.00411
res3a 104830 0.00048
res3b_branch2a 904540 0.00411
res3b_branch2b 904278 0.00411
res3b 104900 0.00048
res4a_branch1 485804 0.00221
res4a_branch2a 485923 0.00221
res4a_branch2b 880309 0.00400
res4a 52446 0.00024
res4b_branch2a 880071 0.00400
res4b_branch2b 880065 0.00400
res4b 52456 0.00024
yolov2Conv1 880210 0.00400
yolov2Conv2 880375 0.00400
yolov2ClassConv 179300 0.00081
* The clock frequency of the DL processor is: 220MHz
Display the prediction results.
[bboxesn, scoresn, labelsn] = yolo_post_proc(prediction,I_pre,anchorBoxes,{'Vehicle'});
I_new3 = insertObjectAnnotation(I,'rectangle',bboxesn,scoresn);
figure
imshow(I_new3)
See Also
dlhdl.Workflow | dlhdl.Target | compile | deploy | predict | dlquantizer | dlquantizationOptions | calibrate | validate
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