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makeweight

Weighting function with monotonic gain profile

Description

makeweight is a convenient way to specify loop shapes, target gain profiles, or weighting functions for applications such as controller synthesis and control system tuning.

example

W = makeweight(dcgain,[freq,mag],hfgain) creates a first-order, continuous-time weight W(s) satisfying these constraints:

W(0)=dcgainW(Inf)=hfgain|W(jfreq)|=mag.

In other words, the gain of W passes through mag at the finite frequency freq.

example

W = makeweight(dcgain,[freq,mag],hfgain,Ts) creates a first-order, discrete-time weight W(z) satisfying these constraints:

W(1)=dcgainW(1)=hfgain|W(ejfreqTs)|=mag.

In other words, the gain of W passes through mag at the frequency freq. The frequency freq must satisfy 0 < freq < π/Ts.

example

W = makeweight(dcgain,[freq,mag],hfgain,Ts,N) uses an Nth-order transfer function with poles and zeros in a Butterworth pattern to meet the constraints. The higher the order N, the steeper the transition from low to high gain. To create a continuous-time higher order weighting function, use Ts = 0.

example

W = makeweight(dcgain,wc,hfgain,___) specifies the gain crossover frequency wc. This syntax is equivalent to setting [freq,mag] to [wc,1]. You can use this syntax with any of the previous input-argument combinations to create a continuous-time, discrete-time, or Butterworth weighting function.

Examples

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Create continuous-time weighting functions by specifying the low-frequency gain, high-frequency gain, and magnitude of the gain at some intermediate frequency.

For instance, create a weighting function with a gain of 40 dB at low frequency, rolling off to –20 dB at high frequency. Specify further that the gain is about 10 dB at 1 rad/s by putting these values in a vector [freq,mag]. Specify all the gains in absolute units.

Wl = makeweight(100,[1,3.16],0.1);

Create a weighting function with a gain of –10 dB at low frequency, rising to 40 dB at high frequency. Specify a 0 dB crossover frequency of 10 rad/s. To specify a 0 dB crossover frequency, you can use the crossover frequency as the second input argument instead of the vector [freq,mag].

Wh = makeweight(0.316,10,100);

Plot the magnitudes of the weighting functions to confirm that they meet the response specifications.

bodemag(Wl,Wh)
legend
grid on

Figure contains an axes object. The axes object with ylabel Magnitude (dB) contains 2 objects of type line. These objects represent Wl, Wh.

Create a gain profile that rolls off at high frequency without flattening. Specify a gain of 40 dB at low frequency and a crossover frequency of 10 rad/s.

W = makeweight(100,[10 1],0);

Specifying a high-frequency gain of 0 ensures that the frequency response rolls off at high frequencies without leveling off. Plot the gain profile to confirm this shape.

bodemag(W)
grid on

Figure contains an axes object. The axes object with ylabel Magnitude (dB) contains an object of type line. This object represents W.

Create discrete-time weighting functions by specifying the low-frequency gain, high-frequency gain, magnitude of the gain at some intermediate frequency, and sample time.

Create a weighting function with a sample time of 0.1 s. Specify a gain of 40 dB at low frequency, rolling off to –20 dB at high frequency. Specify further that the gain is about 10 dB at 0.01 rad/s. Provide all gains in absolute units.

Wl = makeweight(100,[0.01,3.16],0.1,0.1);

Create a weighting function with a gain of –10 dB at low frequency, rising to 40 dB at high frequency. Specify a 0 dB crossover frequency of 2 rad/s and a sample time of 0.1 s. To specify a 0 dB crossover frequency, you can use the crossover frequency as the second input argument instead of the vector [freq,mag].

Wh = makeweight(0.316,2,100,0.1);

Plot the magnitudes of the weighting functions to confirm that they meet the response specifications.

bodemag(Wl,Wh)
grid on

Figure contains an axes object. The axes object with ylabel Magnitude (dB) contains 2 objects of type line. These objects represent Wl, Wh.

The high-frequency leveling of Wh is distorted due to the proximity of its crossover frequency to the Nyquist frequency.

By default, makeweight creates first-order weighting functions. If you want a sharper transition between the low-frequency and high-frequency gains, you can specify the order with the last input argument. For instance, suppose you want to create a weighting function with a sample time of 0.1 s. The function has a gain of –10 dB at low frequency, rising to 40 dB at high frequency. Additionally, the gain passes through 6 dB at 1 rad/s. For comparison, create both a third-order and a first-order function with these specifications.

W3 = makeweight(0.316,[1 2],100,0.1,3);
W1 = makeweight(0.316,[1 2],100,0.1);
bodemag(W3,W1)
legend('location','northwest')
grid on

Figure contains an axes object. The axes object with ylabel Magnitude (dB) contains 2 objects of type line. These objects represent W3, W1.

For the first-order function, the high-frequency leveling is distorted due to the proximity of its crossover frequency to the Nyquist frequency. Using a sharper, higher-order transition ensures that the function has leveled out before reaching the Nyquist frequency.

To create continuous-time weighting functions of higher order, set Ts = 0. For instance, create continuous-time weighting functions with the same gain specifications as W1 and W3.

W3c = makeweight(0.316,[1 2],100,0,3);
W1c = makeweight(0.316,[1 2],100);
bodemag(W3c,W1c)
legend('location','northwest')
grid on

Figure contains an axes object. The axes object with ylabel Magnitude (dB) contains 2 objects of type line. These objects represent W3c, W1c.

Input Arguments

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Low-frequency gain of the weighting function, specified as a real scalar value. Express the gain in absolute units. For example, to specify a low-frequency gain of 20 dB, set dcgain = 10.

The low-frequency gain, high-frequency gain, and magnitude must satisfy:

  • |dcgain| > mag > |hfgain| for a low-pass weight

  • |dcgain| < mag < |hfgain| for a high-pass weight

Target magnitude and corresponding frequency, specified as a two-element vector. You specify where the gain of W transitions between the low-frequency and high-frequency values by specifying a target magnitude at a particular frequency. For instance, if you set [freq,mag] = [10,0.1], then the magnitude of W passes through 0.1 (–10 dB) at a frequency of 10 rad/s. Similarly, setting [freq,mag] = [5,1] specifies a 0 dB (unit gain) crossover frequency of 5 rad/s.

The low-frequency gain, high-frequency gain, and magnitude must satisfy:

  • |dcgain| > mag > |hfgain| for a low-pass weight

  • |dcgain| < mag < |hfgain| for a high-pass weight

High-frequency gain of the weighting function, specified as a real scalar value. Express the gain in absolute units. For example, to specify a high-frequency gain of –20 dB, set dcgain = 0.1.

The low-frequency gain, high-frequency gain, and magnitude must satisfy:

  • |dcgain| > mag > |hfgain| for a low-pass weight

  • |dcgain| < mag < |hfgain| for a high-pass weight

Sample time of discrete-time weighting function, specified as a nonnegative scalar value or –1. A positive value sets the sample time in seconds. The special value –1 creates a discrete-time state-space model with an unspecified sample time.

Setting Ts = 0 creates a continuous-time weighting function. This value is useful when you want to create higher order continuous-time transfer functions using the N input argument. For an example, see Higher Order Weighting Functions.

Order of weighting function, specified as a positive integer. makeweight uses an Nth-order transfer function with poles and zeros in a Butterworth pattern to meet the specified gain constraints. The higher the order N, the steeper the transition from low to high gain.

Crossover frequency of the weighting function in radians/second, specified as a positive scalar value. Using the input argument wc is equivalent to using [freq,mag] = [wc,1].

For discrete-time weighting functions, the crossover frequency must satisfy wc*Ts < π.

Output Arguments

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Weighting function, returned as a state-space (ss) model. For continuous-time weighting functions, the response of W satisfies the following:

W(0)=dcgainW(Inf)=hfgain|W(jfreq)|=mag.

For discrete-time weighting functions, the response of W satisfies the following:

W(1)=dcgainW(1)=hfgain|W(ejfreqTs)|=mag.

Version History

Introduced before R2006a