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p681LMSChannel

Filter input signal through ITU-R P.681-11 LMS frequency-flat fading channel

Since R2022a

Description

The p681LMSChannel System object™ filters a real or complex input signal through a frequency-flat fading land mobile-satellite (LMS) communication channel, as defined in the ITU-R Recommendation P.681-11 Section 6.2 [1].

For details, refer to More About.

To filter an input signal through a P.681-11 LMS time-varying channel:

  1. Create the p681LMSChannel object and set its properties.

  2. Call the object with arguments, as if it were a function.

To learn more about how System objects work, see What Are System Objects?

Creation

Description

example

chan = p681LMSChannel creates an ITU-R P.681-11 LMS frequency-flat fading channel System object.

The default System object has the environment set to an urban scenario, with carrier frequency of 2.2 GHz and an elevation angle of 45 degrees. This object models a single geostationary satellite.

example

chan = p681LMSChannel(Name=Value) sets properties using one or more name-value arguments. For example, SampleRate=20e3 sets the input signal sample rate to 20e3.

Properties

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Unless otherwise indicated, properties are nontunable, which means you cannot change their values after calling the object. Objects lock when you call them, and the release function unlocks them.

If a property is tunable, you can change its value at any time.

For more information on changing property values, see System Design in MATLAB Using System Objects.

Input signal sample rate in hertz, specified as a positive scalar.

Data Types: double

Initial state of the channel, specified as "Good" or "Bad".

Data Types: char | string

Carrier frequency in hertz, specified as a nonnegative scalar.

Data Types: double

Path elevation angle to a geostationary satellite in degrees, specified as a scalar. The nominal value is in the range [0, 90].

Data Types: double

Speed of mobile terminal in m/s, specified as a nonnegative scalar. The default value of 0.8333 m/s translates to 3 km/h.

This property affects the Doppler spread applied to the multipath component and also the Doppler shift applied to the direct path component.

Note

For a static channel, set MobileSpeed and SatelliteDopplerShift properties to 0. In this case, the Doppler spread is not applicable for the multipath component and the Doppler shift is also not applied in direct path component of the channel.

Also, to generate a new channel realization for a static channel, either reset the object by calling the reset function or set the SatelliteDopplerShift property to a nonzero value.

Data Types: double

Azimuth orientation in degrees, specified as a scalar. This value specifies the direction of movement of the ground or mobile terminal. The nominal value is in the range [0, 360].

When you set this property to odd multiples of 90, the Doppler shift caused by the mobile movement in the direct path component is nonexistent.

Data Types: double

Since R2024a

Doppler shift due to the satellite movement in hertz, specified as a scalar.

Satellite Doppler shift calculations account for the satellite altitude, satellite elevation angle, carrier frequency, and satellite velocity.

The default value of 0 Hz corresponds to the Doppler shift due to a satellite with an elevation angle of 90 degrees.

Note

For a static channel, set the MobileSpeed and SatelliteDopplerShift properties to 0. In static channels, the Doppler spread is not applicable for the multipath component, and the Doppler shift does not apply to the direct path component of the channel.

To generate a new channel realization for a static channel, either reset the object by calling the reset function, or set the SatelliteDopplerShift property to a nonzero value.

Tunable: Yes

Data Types: double

Type of propagation environment, specified as one of these values.

  • "Urban"

  • "Suburban"

  • "RuralWooded"

  • "Village"

  • "Residential"

  • "Highway" — Applicable only when you set the value of CarrierFrequency property in the range [10, 20] GHz

  • "Rural" — Applicable only when you set the value of CarrierFrequency property in the range [10, 20] GHz

  • "Train" — Applicable only when you set the value of CarrierFrequency property in the range [10, 20] GHz

  • "Custom"

When you set this property to "Custom", configure the propagation environment using these properties.

Data Types: char | string

Parameters of state duration distribution in dB, specified as a 2-by-2 matrix. For example, if you specify the input as [muG, muB; sigmaG, sigmaB], then:

  • muG and sigmaG represent the mean and standard deviation of good state duration, respectively.

  • muB and sigmaB represent the mean and standard deviation of bad state duration, respectively.

Dependencies

To enable this property, set the Environment property to "Custom".

Data Types: double

Minimum duration of each state in meters, specified as a two-element row vector. The first element corresponds to good state and the second element corresponds to bad state.

Dependencies

To enable this property, set the Environment property to "Custom".

Data Types: double

Parameters of direct path amplitude distribution in dB, specified as a 2-by-2 matrix. For example, if you specify the input as [muMaG, muMaB; sigmaMaG, sigmaMaB], then:

  • muMaG and sigmaMaG represent the mean of the direct path amplitude (Ma) and the standard deviation of Ma in good state, respectively.

  • muMaB and sigmaMaB represent the mean and standard deviation of Ma in bad state, respectively.

Dependencies

To enable this property, set the Environment property to "Custom".

Data Types: double

Coefficients to compute the multipath power, specified as a 2-by-2 matrix. For example, if you specify the input as [h1G, h1B; h2G, h2B], then:

  • h1G and h2G represent the coefficients in good state.

  • h1B and h2B represent the coefficients in bad state.

Dependencies

To enable this property, set the Environment property to "Custom".

Data Types: double

Coefficients to compute standard deviation of direct path amplitude in all states, specified as a 2-by-2 matrix. For example, if you specify the input as [g1G, g1B; g2G, g2B], then:

  • g1G and g2G represent the coefficients in good state.

  • g1B and g2B represent the coefficients in bad state.

Dependencies

To enable this property, set the Environment property to "Custom".

Data Types: double

Direct path amplitude correlation distance (Lcorr) in meters, specified as a two-element row vector. The first element corresponds to good state and the second element corresponds to bad state.

Dependencies

To enable this property, set the Environment property to "Custom".

Data Types: double

Coefficients to compute the transition length (f1;f2), specified as a two-element column vector.

Dependencies

To enable this property, set the Environment property to "Custom".

Data Types: double

Minimum and maximum probability of each state, specified as a 2-by-2 matrix. For example, if you specify the input as [pminG, pminB; pmaxG, pmaxB], then:

  • pminG and pmaxG represent the minimum and maximum values of state probability in good state.

  • pminB and pmaxB represent the minimum and maximum values of state probability in bad state.

The minimum probability must be less than the maximum probability in a state. The value of each element must be in range [0, 1].

Dependencies

To enable this property, set the Environment property to "Custom".

Data Types: double

Channel filtering, specified as one of these logical values.

  • 1 (true) — The object accepts an input signal and produces a filtered output signal, in addition to the channel path gains, sample times, and state series.

  • 0 (false) — The object does not accept an input signal, produces no filtered output signal, and outputs only channel path gains, sample times, and state series. You must specify the duration of the fading process by using the NumSamples property, and the sampling rate by using the SampleRate property.

Data Types: logical

Number of time samples used to set the duration of the fading process realization, specified as a nonnegative integer.

Tunable: Yes

Dependencies

To enable this property, set ChannelFiltering property to false.

Data Types: double

Data type of outputs, specified as one of these values.

  • "double"

  • "single"

Dependencies

To enable this property, set ChannelFiltering property to false.

Data Types: char | string

Channel model fading technique, specified as "Filtered Gaussian noise" or "Sum of sinusoids".

Data Types: char | string

Number of sinusoids used to generate the Doppler fading samples, specified as a positive integer.

Dependencies

To enable this property, set the FadingTechnique property to "Sum of sinusoids".

Data Types: double | uint16

Source of the random number stream, specified as "Global stream" or "mt19937ar with seed".

  • When you specify "Global stream", the object uses the current global random number stream for uniformly and normally distributed random number generation. In this case, the reset object function resets only the filters.

  • When you specify "mt19937ar with seed", the object uses the mt19937ar algorithm for uniformly and normally distributed random number generation. In this case, the reset object function resets the filters and reinitializes the random number stream to the value of the Seed property.

Data Types: char | string

Initial seed of the mt19937ar random number stream generator algorithm, specified as a nonnegative integer. When you call the reset object function, it reinitializes the mt19937ar random number stream to the Seed value.

Dependencies

To enable this property, set the RandomStream property to "mt19937ar with seed".

Data Types: double | uint32

Channel visualization, specified as one of these options.

  • "Off"

  • "Impulse response"

  • "Frequency response"

  • "Impulse and frequency responses"

  • "Doppler spectrum"

When you set this property to enable the visualization, selected channel characteristics are animated in separate figures, with each System object call.

For more information, see Channel Visualization.

Data Types: char | string

Usage

Description

[pathgains,sampletimes,stateseries] = chan() produces path gains, pathgains, sample times, sampletimes, and state series, stateseries for an ITU-R P.681-11 LMS flat fading channel.

In this case, the System object acts as a source of path gains, sample times, and state series.

Specify the duration of the fading process by using the NumSamples property. Specify the datatype of outputs using the OutputDataType property.

Note

This syntax is applicable when you set the ChannelFiltering property to false.

[y,pathgains,sampletimes,stateseries] = chan(x) filters the input signal, x, through an ITU-R P.681-11 LMS flat fading channel, and returns the output channel-impaired signal in y, in addition to the outputs in the previous syntax.

Note

This syntax is applicable when you set the ChannelFiltering property to true.

Input Arguments

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Input signal, specified as an NS-by-1 vector, where NS is the number of input samples.

Data Types: single | double
Complex Number Support: Yes

Output Arguments

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Output signal, returned as an NS-by-1 vector of complex values with the same data precision and length as the input signal x. NS is the number of input samples.

Data Types: single | double
Complex Number Support: Yes

Channel path gains of fading process, returned as an NS-by-1 vector of complex values.

  • When you set the ChannelFiltering property to true, pathgains is of the same data precision as the input signal x, and NS is the number of input samples.

  • When you set the ChannelFiltering property to false, pathgains is of the same data precision as the OutputDataType property and NS is equal to the NumSamples property.

Data Types: single | double
Complex Number Support: Yes

Sample times of channel snapshots, returned as an NS-by-1 vector.

  • When you set the ChannelFiltering property to true, sampletimes is of the same data precision as the input signal x, and NS is the number of input samples.

  • When you set the ChannelFiltering property to false, sampletimes is of the same data precision as the OutputDataType property and NS is equal to the NumSamples property.

Data Types: single | double

State series of the channel, returned as an NS-by-1 vector. Each value of this vector describes the state in which channel is present for that channel snapshot. A value of 0 represents bad state. A value of 1 represents good state. A value between 0 and 1 represents a state transition.

  • When you set the ChannelFiltering property to true, stateseries is of the same data precision as the input signal x, and NS is the number of input samples.

  • When you set the ChannelFiltering property to false, stateseries is of the same data precision as the OutputDataType property and NS is equal to the NumSamples property.

Data Types: single | double

Object Functions

To use an object function, specify the System object as the first input argument. For example, to release system resources of a System object named obj, use this syntax:

release(obj)

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infoCharacteristic information about object
stepRun System object algorithm
releaseRelease resources and allow changes to System object property values and input characteristics
cloneCreate duplicate System object
isLockedDetermine if System object is in use
resetReset internal states of System object

Examples

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Create and Configure the Channel

Create an ITU-R P.681-11 LMS channel and configure it for a suburban scenario with a carrier frequency of 20 GHz and an elevation angle of 50 degrees. Set the sample rate to 6000 kHz.

Specify the mobile terminal speed to 50 m/s, with an azimuth orientation of 20 degrees.

chan = p681LMSChannel;
chan.SampleRate = 6e6;           % Hz
chan.CarrierFrequency = 20e9;    % Hz
chan.ElevationAngle = 50;        % degrees
chan.Environment = "Suburban";
chan.MobileSpeed = 50;           % m/s
chan.AzimuthOrientation = 20;    % degrees

Display the channel characteristics.

disp(chan)
  p681LMSChannel with properties:

               SampleRate: 6000000
             InitialState: "Good"
         CarrierFrequency: 2.0000e+10
           ElevationAngle: 50
              MobileSpeed: 50
       AzimuthOrientation: 20
    SatelliteDopplerShift: 0
              Environment: "Suburban"
         ChannelFiltering: true

  Use get to show all properties

Transmit Input Signal Through Channel

Set the random number generation seed as default.

rng("default")

Generate a random QPSK-modulated input signal.

numSamples = 6e6;              
txWaveform = pskmod(randi([0 3],numSamples,1),4); % Modulation order = 4

Filter the signal through the channel.

[rxWaveform,pathGains,sampleTimes,stateSeries] = chan(txWaveform);

Visualize Space Series and State Series

Plot the space series as a function of time.

figure                                      % Create figure window
subplot(2,1,1)
plot(sampleTimes,20*log10(abs(pathGains)))
title('Space Series')
xlabel('Time (in s)')
ylabel('Path Gain (in dB)')
grid on

Plot the state series as a function of time.

subplot(2,1,2)
plot(sampleTimes,stateSeries)
title('State Series')
xlabel('Time (in s)')
ylabel('State')
grid on

Define the channel configuration using a p681LMSChannel System object and specify its properties.

Set the visualization as Doppler spectrum and disable the channel filtering.

chan = p681LMSChannel;
chan.SampleRate = 450000;                % Hz
chan.CarrierFrequency = 11e9;            % Hz
chan.ElevationAngle = 50;                % degrees
chan.MobileSpeed = 20;                   % m/s
chan.SatelliteDopplerShift = 25e2;       % Hz
chan.Visualization = "Doppler spectrum";
chan.ChannelFiltering = false;
chan.NumSamples = 4e7;

Display the channel characteristics.

disp(chan)
  p681LMSChannel with properties:

               SampleRate: 450000
             InitialState: "Good"
         CarrierFrequency: 1.1000e+10
           ElevationAngle: 50
              MobileSpeed: 20
       AzimuthOrientation: 0
    SatelliteDopplerShift: 2500
              Environment: "Urban"
         ChannelFiltering: false
               NumSamples: 40000000
           OutputDataType: "double"

  Use get to show all properties

Get the path gains, sample times, and state series of the channel. Also, observe the Doppler spectrum.

[pathGains,sampleTimes,stateSeries] = chan();

Get channel information from a p681LMSChannel System object by using the info object function.

Create an ITU-R P.681-11 LMS channel System object and specify its properties.

chan = p681LMSChannel;
chan.SampleRate = 10e3;             % Hz
chan.MobileSpeed = 2;               % m/s
chan.Environment = "RuralWooded";
disp(chan)
  p681LMSChannel with properties:

               SampleRate: 10000
             InitialState: "Good"
         CarrierFrequency: 2.2000e+09
           ElevationAngle: 45
              MobileSpeed: 2
       AzimuthOrientation: 0
    SatelliteDopplerShift: 0
              Environment: "RuralWooded"
         ChannelFiltering: true

  Use get to show all properties

QPSK-modulate a random input signal, and then pass it through the channel.

numSamples = 2e4;
txWaveform = pskmod(randi([0 3],numSamples,1),4);
[rxWaveform,pathGains,sampleTimes,stateSeries] = chan(txWaveform);

Get the characteristic information about the P.681-11 LMS channel.

info(chan)
ans = struct with fields:
                   PathDelays: 0
           ChannelFilterDelay: 0
    ChannelFilterCoefficients: 1
          NumSamplesProcessed: 20000

Transmit another QPSK-modulated random input signal through the channel

numSamples2 = 3e4;
txWaveform2 = pskmod(randi([0 3],numSamples2,1),4);
[rxWaveform2,pathGains2,sampleTimes2,stateSeries2] = chan(txWaveform2);

Observe the change in number of samples processed.

info(chan)
ans = struct with fields:
                   PathDelays: 0
           ChannelFilterDelay: 0
    ChannelFilterCoefficients: 1
          NumSamplesProcessed: 50000

More About

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References

[1] ITU-R Recommendation P.681-11 (08/2019). “Propagation data required for the design systems in the land mobile-satellite service.” P Series; Radiowave propagation.

Extended Capabilities

Version History

Introduced in R2022a

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