Create a Simple Model

You can use Simulink^® to model a system and then simulate the dynamic behavior of that system. The basic techniques you use to create a simple model in this tutorial are the same as those you use for more complex models. This example simulates simplified motion of a car. A car is typically in motion WHILE the pedal is pressed. It idles AFTER and comes to a stop. after a brief press of the accelerator pedal.

A Simulink block is a model element that defines a mathematical relationship between its input and output. To create this simple model, you need four Simulink blocks.

Block Name	Block Purpose	Model Purpose
Pulse Generator	Generate an input signal for the model	Represent the accelerator pedal
Gain	Multiply the input signal by a factor	Calculate how pressing the accelerator affects the car acceleration
Integrator, Second-Order	Integrate input signal twice	Obtain position from acceleration
Outport	Designate a signal as an output from the model	Designate the position as an output from the model

Simulating this model integrates a brief pulse twice to get a ramp. The results display in a Scope window. The input pulse represents a press of the gas pedal — 1 when the pedal is pressed and 0 when it is not. The output ramp is the increasing distance from the starting point.

Open New Model

Use the Simulink Editor to build your models.

1. Start MATLAB^®. From the MATLAB toolstrip, click the Simulink button .

   

2. Click the Blank Model template.

   The Simulink Editor opens.

   

3. From the File menu, select Save as. In the File name text box, enter a name for your model, For example, simple_model. Click Save. The model is saved with the file extension .slx.

Open Simulink Library Browser

Simulink provides a set of block libraries, organized by functionality in the Library Browser. The following libraries are common to most workflows:

• Continuous — Blocks for systems with continuous states

• Discrete — Blocks for systems with discrete states

• Math Operations — Blocks that implement algebraic and logical equations

• Sinks — Blocks that store and show the signals that connect to them

• Sources — Blocks that generate the signal values that drive the model

1. From the Simulink Editor toolbar, click the Library Browser button .

   

2. Set the Library Browser to stay on top of the other desktop windows. On the Library Browser toolbar, select the Stay on top button .

To browse through the block libraries, select a category and then a functional area in the left pane. To search all of the available block libraries, enter a search term.

For example, find the Pulse Generator block. In the search box on the browser toolbar, enter pulse, and then press the Enter key. Simulink searches the libraries for blocks with pulse in their name or description, and then displays the blocks.

Get detailed information about a block. Right-click a block, and then select Help for the Pulse Generator block. The Help browser opens with the reference page for the block.

Blocks typically have several parameters. You can access all parameters by double-clicking the block.

Add Blocks to a Model

To start building the model, browse the library and add the blocks.

1. From the Sources library, drag the Pulse Generator block to the Simulink Editor. A copy of the Pulse Generator block appears in your model with a text box for the value of the Amplitude parameter. Enter 1.

   

   Parameter values are held throughout the simulation.

2. Add the following blocks to your model using the same approach.

   Block	Library	Parameter
   Gain	Simulink/Math Operations	Gain: 2
   Integrator, Second Order	Simulink/Continuous	Initial condition: 0
   Outport	Simulink/Sinks	Port number: 1

   Add a second Outport block by copying the existing one and pasting it at another point using keyboard shortcuts.

   Your model now has the blocks you need.

3. Arrange the blocks as follows by clicking and dragging each block. To resize a block, click and drag a corner.

   

Connect Blocks

Connect the blocks by creating lines between output ports and input ports.

1. Click the output port on the right side of the Pulse Generator block.

   The output port and all input ports suitable for a connection get highlighted.

   

2. Click the input port of the Gain block.

   Simulink connects the blocks with a line and an arrow indicating the direction of signal flow.

   

3. Connect the output port of the Gain block to the input port on the Integrator, Second Order block.

4. Connect the two outputs of the Integrator, Second Order block to the two Outport blocks.

5. Save your model. Select File > Save and provide a name.

   

Add Signal Viewer

To view simulation results, connect the first output to a Signal Viewer.

Access the context menu by right-clicking the signal. Select Create & Connect Viewer > Simulink > Scope. A viewer icon appears on the signal and a scope window opens.

You can open the scope at any time by double-clicking the icon.

Run Simulation

After you define the configuration parameters, you are ready to simulate your model.

1. On the model window, set the simulation stop time by changing the value at the toolbar.

   

   The default stop time of 10.0 is appropriate for this model. This time value has no unit. Time unit in Simulink depends on how the equations are constructed. This example simulates the simplified motion of a car for 10 seconds — other models could have time units in milliseconds or years.

2. To run the simulation, click the Run button .

The simulation runs and produces the output in the viewer.

Refine Model

This example takes an existing model, moving_car.slx, and models a proximity sensor based on this motion model. In this scenario, a digital sensor measures the distance between the car an obstacle 10 m (30 ft) away. The model outputs the sensor measurement, and the position of the car, taking these conditions into consideration:

• The car comes to a hard stop when it reaches the obstacle.

• In the physical world, a sensor measures the distance imprecisely, causing random numerical errors.

• A digital sensor operates at fixed time intervals.

Change Block Parameters

To start, open the moving_car model. In the MATLAB Command Window, enter

open_system(fullfile(matlabroot,...
'help', 'toolbox', 'simulink', 'examples', 'moving_car'))

You first need to model the hard stop when the car position reaches 10. The Integrator, Second Order block has a parameter for that purpose.

1. Double-click the Integrator, Second Order block. The Block Parameters dialog box appears.

2. Select Limit x and enter 10 for Upper limit x.

   

   The background color for the parameter changes to indicate a modification that is not applied to the model.

3. Click OK to apply the changes and close the dialog box.

Add New Blocks and Connections

Add a sensor that measures the distance from the obstacle.

1. Modify the model. Extend the model window to accommodate the new blocks as necessary.

   • Find the actual distance. To find the distance between the obstacle position and the vehicle position, add the Subtract block. Also add the Constant block to set the constant value of 10 for the position of the obstacle.

   • Model the imperfect measurement that would be typical to a real sensor. Generate noise by using the Band-Limited White Noise block from the Sources library. Set the Noise power parameter to 0.001. Add the noise to the measurement by using an Add block from the Math Operations library.

   • Model the digital sensor that fires every 0.1 seconds. In Simulink, sampling of a signal at a given interval requires a sample and hold, implemented by a zero-order hold. Add the Zero-Order Hold block from the Discrete library. After you add the block to the model, change the Sample Time parameter to 0.1.

   • Add another Outport to connect to the sensor output. Leave the Port number parameter as default.

2. Connect the new blocks. Note that the output of the Integrator, Second-Order block is already connected to another port. To create a branch in that signal, left-click the signal to highlight potential ports for connection, and click the appropriate port.

   

Annotate signals

Add signal names to the model to make it easier to understand.

1. Double-click the signal. An editable textbox appears.

   

2. Type the signal name.

   

3. To finish, click away from the textbox.

4. Repeat these steps to add the names as shown.

   

Compare Multiple Signals

Compare the actual distance signal with the measured distance signal.

1. Create and connect a Scope to the actual distance. Note that the name of the signal appears in the viewer title.

2. Add the measured distance signal to the same viewer. Right-click the signal, and select Connect to Viewer > Scope1. Make sure you are connecting to the viewer you created in the previous step.

   

3. Run the model. The Viewer shows the two signals, actual distance in yellow and measured distance in blue.

   

4. Zoom into the graph to observe the effect of noise and sampling. Click the Zoom button . Left-click and drag a window around the region you want to see.

   

   You can repeatedly zoom in to observe the details.

   

From the plot, you can see that the measurement can deviate from the actual value by as much as 0.3 m. This information becomes useful when designing a safety feature, for example, a collision warning.