Stereo Visual Simultaneous Localization and Mapping
Visual simultaneous localization and mapping (vSLAM), refers to the process of calculating the position and orientation of a camera with respect to its surroundings, while simultaneously mapping the environment. The process uses only visual inputs from the camera. Applications for vSLAM include augmented reality, robotics, and autonomous driving.
vSLAM can be performed by using just a monocular camera. However, since depth cannot be accurately calculated using a single camera, the scale of the map and the estimated trajectory is unknown and drifts over time. In addition, to bootstrap the system, multiple views are required to produce an initial map as it cannot be triangulated from the first frame. Using a stereo camera solves these problems and provides a more reliable vSLAM solution.
This example shows how to process image data from a stereo camera to build a map of an outdoor environment and estimate the trajectory of the camera. The example uses a version of ORB-SLAM2 [1] algorithm, which is feature-based and supports stereo cameras.
Overview of Processing Pipeline
The pipeline for stereo vSLAM is very similar to the monocular vSLAM pipeline in the Monocular Visual Simultaneous Localization and Mapping example. The major difference is that in the Map Initialization stage 3-D map points are created from a pair of stereo images of the same stereo pair instead of two images of different frames.
Map Initialization: The pipeline starts by initializing the map of 3-D points from a pair of stereo images using the disparity map. The left image is stored as the first key frame.
Tracking: Once a map is initialized, for each new stereo pair, the pose of the camera is estimated by matching features in the left image to features in the last key frame. The estimated camera pose is refined by tracking the local map.
Local Mapping: If the current left image is identified as a key frame, new 3-D map points are computed from the disparity of the stereo pair. At this stage, bundle adjustment is used to minimize reprojection errors by adjusting the camera pose and 3-D points.
Loop Closure: Loops are detected for each key frame by comparing it against all previous key frames using the bag-of-features approach. Once a loop closure is detected, the pose graph is optimized to refine the camera poses of all the key frames.
Download and Explore the Input Stereo Image Sequence
The data used in this example are from the UTIAS Long-Term Localization and Mapping Dataset provided by University of Toronto Institute for Aerospace Studies. You can download the data to a directory using a web browser or by running the following code:
ftpObj = ftp('asrl3.utias.utoronto.ca'); tempFolder = fullfile(tempdir); dataFolder = [tempFolder, '2020-vtr-dataset/UTIAS-In-The-Dark/']; zipFileName = [dataFolder, 'run_000005.zip']; folderExists = exist(dataFolder, 'dir'); % Create a folder in a temporary directory to save the downloaded file if ~folderExists mkdir(dataFolder); disp('Downloading run_000005.zip (818 MB). This download can take a few minutes.') mget(ftpObj,'/2020-vtr-dataset/UTIAS-In-The-Dark/run_000005.zip', tempFolder); % Extract contents of the downloaded file disp('Extracting run_000005.zip (818 MB) ...') unzip(zipFileName, dataFolder); end
Use two imageDatastore
objects to store the stereo images.
imgFolderLeft = [dataFolder,'/images/left/']; imgFolderRight = [dataFolder,'/images/right/']; imdsLeft = imageDatastore(imgFolderLeft); imdsRight = imageDatastore(imgFolderRight); % Inspect the first pair of images currFrameIdx = 1; currILeft = readimage(imdsLeft, currFrameIdx); currIRight = readimage(imdsRight, currFrameIdx); imshowpair(currILeft, currIRight, 'montage');
Map Initialization
The ORB-SLAM pipeline starts by initializing the map that holds 3-D world points. This step is crucial and has a significant impact on the accuracy of final SLAM result. Initial ORB feature point correspondences are found using matchFeatures
between two images of a stereo pair. The matched pairs should satisfy the following constraints:
The horizontal shift between the two corresponding feature points in the rectified stereo pair image is less than the maximum disparity. You can determine the approximate maximum disparity value from the stereo anaglyph of the stereo pair image. For more information, see Choosing Range of Disparity
The vertical shift between the two corresponding feature points in the rectified stereo pair image is less than a threshold.
The scales of the matched features are nearly identical.
The 3-D world locations corresponding to the matched feature points are determined as follows:
Use Choosing Range of Disparity to compute the disparity map for each pair of stereo images by using semi-global matching (SGM) method.
Use
reconstructScene
to compute the 3-D world point coordinates from the disparity map.Find the locations in the disparity map that correspond to the feature points and their 3-D world locations.
% Set random seed for reproducibility rng(0); % Load the initial camera pose. The initial camera pose is derived based % on the transformation between the camera and the vehicle: % http://asrl.utias.utoronto.ca/datasets/2020-vtr-dataset/text_files/transform_camera_vehicle.tx initialPoseData = load("initialPose.mat"); initialPose = initialPoseData.initialPose; % Construct the reprojection matrix for 3-D reconstruction. % The intrinsics for the dataset can be found at the following page: % http://asrl.utias.utoronto.ca/datasets/2020-vtr-dataset/text_files/camera_parameters.txt focalLength = [387.777 387.777]; % specified in pixels principalPoint = [257.446 197.718]; % specified in pixels [x, y] baseline = 0.239965; % specified in meters imageSize = size(currILeft,[1,2]); % in pixels [mrows, ncols] intrinsics = cameraIntrinsics(focalLength, principalPoint, imageSize); reprojectionMatrix = [1, 0, 0, -principalPoint(1); 0, 1, 0, -principalPoint(2); 0, 0, 0, focalLength(1); 0, 0, 1/baseline, 0]; % In this example, the images are already undistorted and rectified. In a general workflow, % uncomment the following code to undistort and rectify the images. % currILeft = undistortImage(currILeft, intrinsics); % currIRight = undistortImage(currIRight, intrinsics); % stereoParams = stereoParameters(intrinsics, intrinsics, eye(3), [-baseline, 0 0]); % [currILeft, currIRight] = rectifyStereoImages(currILeft, currIRight, stereoParams, OutputView="full"); % Detect and extract ORB features from the rectified stereo images scaleFactor = 1.2; numLevels = 8; [currFeaturesLeft, currPointsLeft] = helperDetectAndExtractFeatures(im2gray(currILeft), scaleFactor, numLevels); [currFeaturesRight, currPointsRight] = helperDetectAndExtractFeatures(im2gray(currIRight), scaleFactor, numLevels); % Match feature points between the stereo images and get the 3-D world positions disparityRange = [0 48]; % specified in pixels [xyzPoints, matchedPairs] = helperReconstructFromStereo(im2gray(currILeft), im2gray(currIRight), ... currFeaturesLeft, currFeaturesRight, currPointsLeft, currPointsRight, reprojectionMatrix, initialPose, disparityRange);
Data Management and Visualization
After the map is initialized using the first stereo pair, you can use imageviewset
and worldpointset
to store the first key frames and the corresponding map points:
% Create an empty imageviewset object to store key frames vSetKeyFrames = imageviewset; % Create an empty worldpointset object to store 3-D map points mapPointSet = worldpointset; % Add the first key frame currKeyFrameId = 1; vSetKeyFrames = addView(vSetKeyFrames, currKeyFrameId, initialPose, Points=currPointsLeft,... Features=currFeaturesLeft.Features); % Add 3-D map points [mapPointSet, stereoMapPointsIdx] = addWorldPoints(mapPointSet, xyzPoints); % Add observations of the map points mapPointSet = addCorrespondences(mapPointSet, currKeyFrameId, stereoMapPointsIdx, matchedPairs(:, 1)); % Update view direction and depth mapPointSet = updateLimitsAndDirection(mapPointSet, stereoMapPointsIdx, vSetKeyFrames.Views); % Update representative view mapPointSet = updateRepresentativeView(mapPointSet, stereoMapPointsIdx, vSetKeyFrames.Views); % Visualize matched features in the first key frame featurePlot = helperVisualizeMatchedFeaturesStereo(currILeft, currIRight, currPointsLeft, ... currPointsRight, matchedPairs); % Visualize initial map points and camera trajectory mapPlot = helperVisualizeMotionAndStructureStereo(vSetKeyFrames, mapPointSet); % Show legend showLegend(mapPlot);
Initialize Place Recognition Database
Loop detection is performed using the bags-of-words approach. A visual vocabulary represented as a bagOfFeatures
object is created offline with the ORB descriptors extracted from a large set of images in the dataset by calling:
bag = bagOfFeatures(imds,CustomExtractor=@helperORBFeatureExtractorFunction,TreeProperties=[3, 10], StrongestFeatures=1);
where imds
is an imageDatastore
object storing the training images and helperORBFeatureExtractorFunction
is the ORB feature extractor function. See Image Retrieval with Bag of Visual Words for more information.
The loop closure process incrementally builds a database, represented as an invertedImageIndex
object, that stores the visual word-to-image mapping based on the bag of ORB features.
% Load the bag of features data created offline bofData = load("bagOfFeaturesDataSLAM.mat"); % Initialize the place recognition database loopDatabase = invertedImageIndex(bofData.bof,SaveFeatureLocations=false); % Add features of the first key frame to the database addImageFeatures(loopDatabase, currFeaturesLeft, currKeyFrameId);
Tracking
The tracking process is performed using every pair and determines when to insert a new key frame.
% ViewId of the last key frame lastKeyFrameId = currKeyFrameId; % Index of the last key frame in the input image sequence lastKeyFrameIdx = currFrameIdx; % Indices of all the key frames in the input image sequence addedFramesIdx = lastKeyFrameIdx; currFrameIdx = 2; isLoopClosed = false;
Each frame is processed as follows:
ORB features are extracted for each new stereo pair of images and then matched (using
matchFeatures
), with features in the last key frame that have known corresponding 3-D map points.Estimate the camera pose with the Perspective-n-Point algorithm using
estworldpose
.
Given the camera pose, project the map points observed by the last key frame into the current frame and search for feature correspondences using matchFeaturesInRadius
.
With 3-D to 2-D correspondences in the current frame, refine the camera pose by performing a motion-only bundle adjustment using
bundleAdjustmentMotion
.Project the local map points into the current frame to search for more feature correspondences using
matchFeaturesInRadius
and refine the camera pose again usingbundleAdjustmentMotion
.The last step of tracking is to decide if the current frame should be a new key frame. A frame is a key frame if both of the following conditions are satisfied:
At least 5 frames have passed since the last key frame or the current frame tracks fewer than 80 map points.
The map points tracked by the current frame are fewer than 90% of points tracked by the reference key frame.
If the current frame is to become a key frame, continue to the Local Mapping process. Otherwise, start Tracking for the next frame.
% Main loop isLastFrameKeyFrame = true; while ~isLoopClosed && currFrameIdx <= numel(imdsLeft.Files) currILeft = readimage(imdsLeft, currFrameIdx); currIRight = readimage(imdsRight, currFrameIdx); currILeftGray = im2gray(currILeft); currIRightGray = im2gray(currIRight); [currFeaturesLeft, currPointsLeft] = helperDetectAndExtractFeatures(currILeftGray, scaleFactor, numLevels); [currFeaturesRight, currPointsRight] = helperDetectAndExtractFeatures(currIRightGray, scaleFactor, numLevels); % Track the last key frame % trackedMapPointsIdx: Indices of the map points observed in the current left frame % trackedFeatureIdx: Indices of the corresponding feature points in the current left frame [currPose, trackedMapPointsIdx, trackedFeatureIdx] = helperTrackLastKeyFrame(mapPointSet, ... vSetKeyFrames.Views, currFeaturesLeft, currPointsLeft, lastKeyFrameId, intrinsics, scaleFactor); if isempty(currPose) || numel(trackedMapPointsIdx) < 30 currFrameIdx = currFrameIdx + 1; continue end % Track the local map and check if the current frame is a key frame. % localKeyFrameIds: ViewId of the connected key frames of the current frame numSkipFrames = 5; numPointsKeyFrame = 80; [localKeyFrameIds, currPose, trackedMapPointsIdx, trackedFeatureIdx, isKeyFrame] = ... helperTrackLocalMap(mapPointSet, vSetKeyFrames, trackedMapPointsIdx, ... trackedFeatureIdx, currPose, currFeaturesLeft, currPointsLeft, intrinsics, scaleFactor, numLevels, ... isLastFrameKeyFrame, lastKeyFrameIdx, currFrameIdx, numSkipFrames, numPointsKeyFrame); % Match feature points between the stereo images and get the 3-D world positions [xyzPoints, matchedPairs] = helperReconstructFromStereo(currILeftGray, currIRightGray, currFeaturesLeft, ... currFeaturesRight, currPointsLeft, currPointsRight, reprojectionMatrix, currPose, disparityRange); % Visualize matched features in the stereo image updatePlot(featurePlot, currILeft, currIRight, currPointsLeft, currPointsRight, trackedFeatureIdx, matchedPairs); if ~isKeyFrame && currFrameIdx < numel(imdsLeft.Files) currFrameIdx = currFrameIdx + 1; isLastFrameKeyFrame = false; continue else [untrackedFeatureIdx, ia] = setdiff(matchedPairs(:, 1), trackedFeatureIdx); xyzPoints = xyzPoints(ia, :); isLastFrameKeyFrame = true; end % Update current key frame ID currKeyFrameId = currKeyFrameId + 1;
Local Mapping
Local mapping is performed for every key frame. When a new key frame is determined, add it to the key frames and update the attributes of the map points observed by the new key frame. To ensure that mapPointSet
contains as few outliers as possible, a valid map point must be observed in at least 3 key frames.
New map points are created by triangulating ORB feature points in the current key frame and its connected key frames. For each unmatched feature point in the current key frame, search for a match with other unmatched points in the connected key frames using matchFeatures
. The local bundle adjustment refines the pose of the current key frame, the poses of connected key frames, and all the map points observed in these key frames.
% Add the new key frame [mapPointSet, vSetKeyFrames] = helperAddNewKeyFrame(mapPointSet, vSetKeyFrames, ... currPose, currFeaturesLeft, currPointsLeft, trackedMapPointsIdx, trackedFeatureIdx, localKeyFrameIds); % Remove outlier map points that are observed in fewer than 3 key frames if currKeyFrameId == 2 triangulatedMapPointsIdx = []; end mapPointSet = helperCullRecentMapPoints(mapPointSet, ... trackedMapPointsIdx, triangulatedMapPointsIdx, stereoMapPointsIdx); % Add new map points computed from disparity [mapPointSet, stereoMapPointsIdx] = addWorldPoints(mapPointSet, xyzPoints); mapPointSet = addCorrespondences(mapPointSet, currKeyFrameId, stereoMapPointsIdx, ... untrackedFeatureIdx); % Create new map points by triangulation minNumMatches = 20; minParallax = 0.35; [mapPointSet, vSetKeyFrames, triangulatedMapPointsIdx, stereoMapPointsIdx] = helperCreateNewMapPointsStereo( ... mapPointSet, vSetKeyFrames, currKeyFrameId, intrinsics, scaleFactor, minNumMatches, minParallax, ... untrackedFeatureIdx, stereoMapPointsIdx); % Local bundle adjustment [refinedViews, dist] = connectedViews(vSetKeyFrames, currKeyFrameId, MaxDistance=2); refinedKeyFrameIds = refinedViews.ViewId; % Always fix the first two key frames fixedViewIds = refinedKeyFrameIds(dist==2); fixedViewIds = fixedViewIds(1:min(10, numel(fixedViewIds))); % Refine local key frames and map points [mapPointSet, vSetKeyFrames, mapPointIdx] = bundleAdjustment(... mapPointSet, vSetKeyFrames, [refinedKeyFrameIds; currKeyFrameId], intrinsics, ... FixedViewIDs=fixedViewIds, PointsUndistorted=true, AbsoluteTolerance=1e-7,... RelativeTolerance=1e-16, Solver='preconditioned-conjugate-gradient', MaxIteration=10); % Update view direction and depth mapPointSet = updateLimitsAndDirection(mapPointSet, mapPointIdx, ... vSetKeyFrames.Views); % Update representative view mapPointSet = updateRepresentativeView(mapPointSet, mapPointIdx, ... vSetKeyFrames.Views); % Visualize 3-D world points and camera trajectory updatePlot(mapPlot, vSetKeyFrames, mapPointSet);
Loop Closure
The loop closure step takes the current key frame processed by the local mapping process and tries to detect and close the loop. Loop candidates are identified by querying images in the database that are visually similar to the current key frame using evaluateImageRetrieval
. A candidate key frame is valid if it is not connected to the last key frame and three of its neighbor key frames are loop candidates.
When a valid loop closure candidate is found, compute the relative pose between the loop closure candidate frame and the current key frame using estgeotform3d
. Then add the loop connection with the relative pose and update mapPointSet
and vSetKeyFrames
.
% Check loop closure after some key frames have been created if currKeyFrameId > 50 % Minimum number of feature matches of loop edges loopEdgeNumMatches = 50; % Detect possible loop closure key frame candidates [isDetected, validLoopCandidates] = helperCheckLoopClosure(vSetKeyFrames, currKeyFrameId, ... loopDatabase, currILeft, loopEdgeNumMatches); isTooCloseView = currKeyFrameId - max(validLoopCandidates) < 100; if isDetected && ~isTooCloseView % Add loop closure connections [isLoopClosed, mapPointSet, vSetKeyFrames] = helperAddLoopConnectionsStereo(... mapPointSet, vSetKeyFrames, validLoopCandidates, currKeyFrameId, ... currFeaturesLeft, currPointsLeft, loopEdgeNumMatches); end end % If no loop closure is detected, add current features into the database if ~isLoopClosed addImageFeatures(loopDatabase, currFeaturesLeft, currKeyFrameId); end % Update IDs and indices lastKeyFrameId = currKeyFrameId; lastKeyFrameIdx = currFrameIdx; addedFramesIdx = [addedFramesIdx; currFrameIdx]; currFrameIdx = currFrameIdx + 1; end % End of main loop
Loop edge added between keyframe: 2 and 286
Finally, apply pose graph optimization over the essential graph in vSetKeyFrames
to correct the drift. The essential graph is created internally by removing connections with fewer than minNumMatches
matches in the covisibility graph. After pose graph optimization, update the 3-D locations of the map points using the optimized poses.
% Optimize the poses vSetKeyFramesOptim = optimizePoses(vSetKeyFrames, minNumMatches, Tolerance=1e-16); % Update map points after optimizing the poses mapPointSet = helperUpdateGlobalMap(mapPointSet, vSetKeyFrames, vSetKeyFramesOptim); updatePlot(mapPlot, vSetKeyFrames, mapPointSet); % Plot the optimized camera trajectory optimizedPoses = poses(vSetKeyFramesOptim); plotOptimizedTrajectory(mapPlot, optimizedPoses) % Update legend showLegend(mapPlot);
Compare with the Ground Truth
You can compare the optimized camera trajectory with the ground truth to evaluate the accuracy of the solution. The downloaded data contains a gps.txt
file that stores the GPS location for each frame. You can convert the GPS location from geographic to local Cartesian coordinates using latlon2local
(Automated Driving Toolbox) from Automated Driving Toolbox or geodetic2enu
(Mapping Toolbox) from Mapping Toolbox. In this example, you can simply load the converted GPS data from an M-file.
% Load GPS data gpsData = load("gpsLocation.mat"); gpsLocation = gpsData.gpsLocation; % Transform GPS locations to the reference coordinate system gTruth = helperTransformGPSLocations(gpsLocation, optimizedPoses); % Plot the GPS locations plotActualTrajectory(mapPlot, gTruth(addedFramesIdx, :)); % Show legend showLegend(mapPlot);
Dense Reconstruction from Stereo Images
Given the refined camera poses, you can perform dense reconstruction from the stereo images corresponding to the key frames.
% Create an array of pointCloud objects to store the 3-D world points % associated with the key frames ptClouds = repmat(pointCloud(zeros(1, 3)), numel(addedFramesIdx), 1); for i = 1: numel(addedFramesIdx) ILeft = readimage(imdsLeft, addedFramesIdx(i)); IRight = readimage(imdsRight, addedFramesIdx(i)); % Reconstruct scene from disparity disparityMap = disparitySGM(im2gray(ILeft), im2gray(IRight), DisparityRange=disparityRange); xyzPoints = reconstructScene(disparityMap, reprojectionMatrix); % Ignore the upper half of the images which mainly show the sky xyzPoints(1:floor(imageSize(1)/2), :, :) = NaN; % Ignore the lower part of the images which show the vehicle xyzPoints(imageSize(1)-50:end, :, :) = NaN; xyzPoints = reshape(xyzPoints, [imageSize(1)*imageSize(2), 3]); % Get color from the color image colors = reshape(ILeft, [imageSize(1)*imageSize(2), 3]); % Remove world points that are too far away from the camera validIndex = xyzPoints(:, 3) > 0 & xyzPoints(:, 3) < 100/reprojectionMatrix(4, 3); xyzPoints = xyzPoints(validIndex, :); colors = colors(validIndex, :); % Transform world points to the world coordinates currPose = optimizedPoses.AbsolutePose(i); xyzPoints = transformPointsForward(currPose, xyzPoints); ptCloud = pointCloud(xyzPoints, Color=colors); % Downsample the point cloud ptClouds(i) = pcdownsample(ptCloud, random=0.5); end % Concatenate the point clouds pointCloudsAll = pccat(ptClouds); % Visualize the point cloud figure ax = pcshow(pointCloudsAll,VerticalAxis="y", VerticalAxisDir="down"); xlabel('X') ylabel('Y') zlabel('Z') title('Dense Reconstruction') % Display the bird's eye view of the scene view(ax, [0 0 1]); camroll(ax, 90);
Supporting Functions
Short helper functions are listed below. Larger function are included in separate files.
helperDetectAndExtractFeatures
detect and extract and ORB features from the image.
function [features, validPoints] = helperDetectAndExtractFeatures(Igray, scaleFactor, numLevels) numPoints = 600; % Detect ORB features points = detectORBFeatures(Igray, ScaleFactor=scaleFactor, NumLevels=numLevels); % Select a subset of features, uniformly distributed throughout the image points = selectUniform(points, numPoints, size(Igray, 1:2)); % Extract features [features, validPoints] = extractFeatures(Igray, points); end
helperReconstructFromStereo
reconstruct scene from stereo image using the disparity map
function [xyzPoints, indexPairs] = helperReconstructFromStereo(I1, I2, ... features1, features2, points1, points2, reprojectionMatrix, currPose, disparityRange) indexPairs = helperFindValidFeaturePairs(features1, features2, points1, points2, disparityRange); % Compute disparity for all pixels in the left image. In practice, it is more % common to compute disparity just for the matched feature points. disparityMap = disparitySGM(I1, I2, DisparityRange=disparityRange); xyzPointsAll = reconstructScene(disparityMap, reprojectionMatrix); % Find the corresponding world point of the matched feature points locations = floor(points1.Location(indexPairs(:, 1), [2 1])); xyzPoints = []; isPointFound = false(size(points1)); for i = 1:size(locations, 1) point3d = squeeze(xyzPointsAll(locations(i,1), locations(i, 2), :))'; isPointValid = point3d(3) > 0 & point3d(3) < 200/reprojectionMatrix(4, 3); if isPointValid xyzPoints = [xyzPoints; point3d]; %#ok<*AGROW> isPointFound(i) = true; end end indexPairs = indexPairs(isPointFound, :); xyzPoints = xyzPoints * currPose.Rotation + currPose.Translation; end
helperFindValidFeaturePairs
match features between a pair of stereo images
function indexPairs = helperFindValidFeaturePairs(features1, features2, points1, points2, disparityRange) indexPairs = matchFeatures(features1, features2,... Unique=true, MaxRatio=1, MatchThreshold=40); matchedPoints1 = points1.Location(indexPairs(:,1), :); matchedPoints2 = points2.Location(indexPairs(:,2), :); scales1 = points1.Scale(indexPairs(:,1), :); scales2 = points2.Scale(indexPairs(:,2), :); dist2EpipolarLine = abs(matchedPoints2(:, 2) - matchedPoints1(:, 2)); shiftDist = matchedPoints1(:, 1) - matchedPoints2(:, 1); isCloseToEpipolarline = dist2EpipolarLine < 2*scales2; isDisparityValid = shiftDist > 0 & shiftDist < disparityRange(2); isScaleIdentical = scales1 == scales2; indexPairs = indexPairs(isCloseToEpipolarline & isDisparityValid & isScaleIdentical, :); end
helperCullRecentMapPoints
cull recently added map points.
function mapPointSet = helperCullRecentMapPoints(mapPointSet, mapPointsIdx, newPointIdx, stereoMapPointsIndices) outlierIdx = setdiff([newPointIdx; stereoMapPointsIndices], mapPointsIdx); if ~isempty(outlierIdx) mapPointSet = removeWorldPoints(mapPointSet, outlierIdx); end end
helperUpdateGlobalMap
update 3-D locations of map points after pose graph optimization
function mapPointSet = helperUpdateGlobalMap(mapPointSet, vSetKeyFrames, vSetKeyFramesOptim) posesOld = vSetKeyFrames.Views.AbsolutePose; posesNew = vSetKeyFramesOptim.Views.AbsolutePose; positionsOld = mapPointSet.WorldPoints; positionsNew = positionsOld; indices = 1:mapPointSet.Count; % Update world location of each map point based on the new absolute pose of % the corresponding major view for i = 1: mapPointSet.Count majorViewIds = mapPointSet.RepresentativeViewId(i); tform = rigidtform3d(posesNew(majorViewIds).A/posesOld(majorViewIds).A); positionsNew(i, :) = transformPointsForward(tform, positionsOld(i, :)); end mapPointSet = updateWorldPoints(mapPointSet, indices, positionsNew); end
helperTransformGPSLocations
transform the GPS locations to the reference coordinate system
function gTruth = helperTransformGPSLocations(gpsLocations, optimizedPoses) initialYawGPS = atan( (gpsLocations(100, 2) - gpsLocations(1, 2)) / ... (gpsLocations(100, 1) - gpsLocations(1, 1))); initialYawSLAM = atan((optimizedPoses.AbsolutePose(50).Translation(2) - ... optimizedPoses.AbsolutePose(1).Translation(2)) / ... (optimizedPoses.AbsolutePose(59).Translation(1) - ... optimizedPoses.AbsolutePose(1).Translation(1))); relYaw = initialYawGPS - initialYawSLAM; relTranslation = optimizedPoses.AbsolutePose(1).Translation; initialTform = rotationVectorToMatrix([0 0 relYaw]); for i = 1:size(gpsLocations, 1) gTruth(i, :) = initialTform * gpsLocations(i, :)' + relTranslation'; end end
References
[1] Mur-Artal, Raul, and Juan D. Tardós. "ORB-SLAM2: An open-source SLAM system for monocular, stereo, and RGB-D cameras." IEEE Transactions on Robotics 33, no. 5 (2017): 1255-1262.