infer

Infer conditional variances of conditional variance models

Syntax

V = infer(Mdl,Y)

[V,logL] = infer(Mdl,Y)

[V,logL] = infer(Mdl,Y,Name,Value)

Description

V = infer(Mdl,Y) infers the conditional variances of the fully specified, univariate conditional variance model Mdl fit to the response data Y. Mdl can be a garch, egarch, or gjr model.

[V,logL] = infer(Mdl,Y) additionally returns the loglikelihood objective function values.

[V,logL] = infer(Mdl,Y,Name,Value) infers the conditional variances of Mdl with additional options specified by one or more Name,Value pair arguments. For example, you can specify presample innovations or conditional variances.

Examples

Infer GARCH Model Conditional Variances

Infer conditional variances from a GARCH(1,1) model with known coefficients. When you use, and then do not use presample data, compare the results from infer.

Specify a GARCH(1,1) model with known parameters. Simulate 101 conditional variances and responses (innovations) from the model. Set aside the first observation from each series to use as presample data.

Mdl = garch('Constant',0.01,'GARCH',0.8,'ARCH',0.15);

rng default; % For reproducibility
[vS,yS] = simulate(Mdl,101);
y0 = yS(1);
v0 = vS(1);
y = yS(2:end);
v = vS(2:end);

figure
subplot(2,1,1)
plot(v)
title('Conditional Variances')
subplot(2,1,2)
plot(y)
title('Innovations')

Infer the conditional variances of y without using presample data. Compare them to the known (simulated) conditional variances.

vI = infer(Mdl,y);

figure
plot(1:100,v,'r','LineWidth',2)
hold on
plot(1:100,vI,'k:','LineWidth',1.5)
legend('Simulated','Inferred','Location','NorthEast')
title('Inferred Conditional Variances - No Presamples')
hold off

Notice the transient response (discrepancy) in the early time periods due to the absence of presample data.

Infer conditional variances using the set-aside presample innovation, y0. Compare them to the known (simulated) conditional variances.

vE = infer(Mdl,y,'E0',y0);

figure
plot(1:100,v,'r','LineWidth',2)
hold on
plot(1:100,vE,'k:','LineWidth',1.5)
legend('Simulated','Inferred','Location','NorthEast')
title('Inferred Conditional Variances - Presample E')
hold off

There is a slightly reduced transient response in the early time periods.

Infer conditional variances using the set-aside presample conditional variance, v0. Compare them to the known (simulated) conditional variances.

vO = infer(Mdl,y,'V0',v0);

figure
plot(v)
plot(1:100,v,'r','LineWidth',2)
hold on
plot(1:100,vO,'k:','LineWidth',1.5)
legend('Simulated','Inferred','Location','NorthEast')
title('Inferred Conditional Variances - Presample V')
hold off

There is a much smaller transient response in the early time periods.

Infer conditional variances using both the presample innovation and conditional variance. Compare them to the known (simulated) conditional variances.

vEO = infer(Mdl,y,'E0',y0,'V0',v0);

figure
plot(v)
plot(1:100,v,'r','LineWidth',2)
hold on
plot(1:100,vEO,'k:','LineWidth',1.5)
legend('Simulated','Inferred','Location','NorthEast')
title('Inferred Conditional Variances - Presamples')
hold off

When you use sufficient presample innovations and conditional variances, the inferred conditional variances are exact (there is no transient response).

Infer EGARCH Model Conditional Variances

Infer conditional variances from an EGARCH(1,1) model with known coefficients. When you use, and then do not use presample data, compare the results from infer.

Specify an EGARCH(1,1) model with known parameters. Simulate 101 conditional variances and responses (innovations) from the model. Set aside the first observation from each series to use as presample data.

Mdl = egarch('Constant',0.001,'GARCH',0.8,...
               'ARCH',0.15,'Leverage',-0.1);

rng default; % For reproducibility
[vS,yS] = simulate(Mdl,101);
y0 = yS(1);
v0 = vS(1);
y = yS(2:end);
v = vS(2:end);

figure
subplot(2,1,1)
plot(v)
title('Conditional Variances')
subplot(2,1,2)
plot(y)
title('Innovations')

Infer the conditional variances of y without using any presample data. Compare them to the known (simulated) conditional variances.

vI = infer(Mdl,y);

figure
plot(1:100,v,'r','LineWidth',2)
hold on
plot(1:100,vI,'k:','LineWidth',1.5)
legend('Simulated','Inferred','Location','NorthEast')
title('Inferred Conditional Variances - No Presamples')
hold off

Notice the transient response (discrepancy) in the early time periods due to the absence of presample data.

Infer conditional variances using the set-aside presample innovation, y0. Compare them to the known (simulated) conditional variances.

vE = infer(Mdl,y,'E0',y0);

figure
plot(1:100,v,'r','LineWidth',2)
hold on
plot(1:100,vE,'k:','LineWidth',1.5)
legend('Simulated','Inferred','Location','NorthEast')
title('Inferred Conditional Variances - Presample E')
hold off

There is a slightly reduced transient response in the early time periods.

Infer conditional variances using the set-aside presample variance, v0. Compare them to the known (simulated) conditional variances.

vO = infer(Mdl,y,'V0',v0);

figure
plot(v)
plot(1:100,v,'r','LineWidth',2)
hold on
plot(1:100,vO,'k:','LineWidth',1.5)
legend('Simulated','Inferred','Location','NorthEast')
title('Inferred Conditional Variances - Presample V')
hold off

The transient response is almost eliminated.

Infer conditional variances using both the presample innovation and conditional variance. Compare them to the known (simulated) conditional variances.

vEO = infer(Mdl,y,'E0',y0,'V0',v0);

figure
plot(v)
plot(1:100,v,'r','LineWidth',2)
hold on
plot(1:100,vEO,'k:','LineWidth',1.5)
legend('Simulated','Inferred','Location','NorthEast')
title('Inferred Conditional Variances - Presamples')
hold off

When you use sufficient presample innovations and conditional variances, the inferred conditional variances are exact (there is no transient response).

Infer GJR Model Conditional Variances

Infer conditional variances from a GJR(1,1) model with known coefficients. When you use, and then do not use presample data, compare the results from infer.

Specify a GJR(1,1) model with known parameters. Simulate 101 conditional variances and responses (innovations) from the model. Set aside the first observation from each series to use as presample data.

Mdl = gjr('Constant',0.01,'GARCH',0.8,'ARCH',0.14,...
            'Leverage',0.1);

rng default; % For reproducibility
[vS,yS] = simulate(Mdl,101);
y0 = yS(1);
v0 = vS(1);
y = yS(2:end);
v = vS(2:end);

figure
subplot(2,1,1)
plot(v)
title('Conditional Variances')
subplot(2,1,2)
plot(y)
title('Innovations')

Infer the conditional variances of y without using any presample data. Compare them to the known (simulated) conditional variances.

vI = infer(Mdl,y);

figure
plot(1:100,v,'r','LineWidth',2)
hold on
plot(1:100,vI,'k:','LineWidth',1.5)
legend('Simulated','Inferred','Location','NorthEast')
title('Inferred Conditional Variances - No Presamples')
hold off

Notice the transient response (discrepancy) in the early time periods due to the absence of presample data.

Infer conditional variances using the set-aside presample innovation, y0. Compare them to the known (simulated) conditional variances.

vE = infer(Mdl,y,'E0',y0);

figure
plot(1:100,v,'r','LineWidth',2)
hold on
plot(1:100,vE,'k:','LineWidth',1.5)
legend('Simulated','Inferred','Location','NorthEast')
title('Inferred Conditional Variances - Presample E')
hold off

There is a slightly reduced transient response in the early time periods.

Infer conditional variances using the set-aside presample conditional variance, vO. Compare them to the known (simulated) conditional variances.

vO = infer(Mdl,y,'V0',v0);

figure
plot(v)
plot(1:100,v,'r','LineWidth',2)
hold on
plot(1:100,vO,'k:','LineWidth',1.5)
legend('Simulated','Inferred','Location','NorthEast')
title('Inferred Conditional Variances - Presample V')
hold off

There is a much smaller transient response in the early time periods.

Infer conditional variances using both the presample innovation and conditional variance. Compare them to the known (simulated) conditional variances.

vEO = infer(Mdl,y,'E0',y0,'V0',v0);

figure
plot(v)
plot(1:100,v,'r','LineWidth',2)
hold on
plot(1:100,vEO,'k:','LineWidth',1.5)
legend('Simulated','Inferred','Location','NorthEast')
title('Inferred Conditional Variances - Presamples')
hold off

When you use sufficient presample innovations and conditional variances, the inferred conditional variances are exact (there is no transient response).

Conduct Likelihood Ratio Test for EGARCH Fit Comparison

Infer the loglikelihood objective function values for an EGARCH(1,1) and EGARCH(2,1) model fit to NASDAQ Composite Index returns. To identify which model is the more parsimonious, adequate fit, conduct a likelihood ratio test.

Load the NASDAQ data included with the toolbox, and convert the index to returns. Set aside the first two observations to use as presample data.

load Data_EquityIdx
nasdaq = DataTable.NASDAQ;
r = price2ret(nasdaq);
r0 = r(1:2);
rn = r(3:end);

Fit an EGARCH(1,1) model to the returns, and infer the loglikelihood objective function value.

Mdl1 = egarch(1,1);
EstMdl1 = estimate(Mdl1,rn,'E0',r0);

 
    EGARCH(1,1) Conditional Variance Model (Gaussian Distribution):
 
                     Value      StandardError    TStatistic      PValue  
                   _________    _____________    __________    __________

    Constant        -0.13518       0.022134       -6.1073       1.013e-09
    GARCH{1}         0.98386      0.0024268        405.41               0
    ARCH{1}          0.19997       0.013993         14.29      2.5182e-46
    Leverage{1}    -0.060244      0.0056558       -10.652      1.7131e-26

[~,logL1] = infer(EstMdl1,rn,'E0',r0);

Fit an EGARCH(2,1) model to the returns, and infer the loglikelihood objective function value.

Mdl2 = egarch(2,1);
EstMdl2 = estimate(Mdl2,rn,'E0',r0);

 
    EGARCH(2,1) Conditional Variance Model (Gaussian Distribution):
 
                     Value      StandardError    TStatistic      PValue  
                   _________    _____________    __________    __________

    Constant         -0.1456      0.028436        -5.1202      3.0526e-07
    GARCH{1}         0.85307       0.14018         6.0854      1.1618e-09
    GARCH{2}         0.12952       0.13838        0.93599         0.34928
    ARCH{1}          0.21969      0.029465          7.456      8.9198e-14
    Leverage{1}    -0.067936      0.010879        -6.2444       4.255e-10

[~,logL2] = infer(EstMdl2,rn,'E0',r0);

Conduct a likelihood ratio test, with the more parsimonious EGARCH(1,1) model as the null model, and the EGARCH(2,1) model as the alternative. The degree of freedom for the test is 1, because the EGARCH(2,1) model has one more parameter than the EGARCH(1,1) model (an additional GARCH term).

[h,p] = lratiotest(logL2,logL1,1)

h = logical
   0

p = 0.2256

The null hypothesis is not rejected (h = 0). At the 0.05 significance level, the EGARCH(1,1) model is not rejected in favor of the EGARCH(2,1) model.

Conduct Likelihood Ratio Test for GARCH and GJR Fit Comparison

A GARCH(P, Q) model is nested within a GJR(P, Q) model. Therefore, you can perform a likelihood ratio test to compare GARCH(P, Q) and GJR(P, Q) model fits.

Infer the loglikelihood objective function values for a GARCH(1,1) and GJR(1,1) model fit to NASDAQ Composite Index returns. Conduct a likelihood ratio test to identify which model is the more parsimonious, adequate fit.

Load the NASDAQ data included with the toolbox, and convert the index to returns. Set aside the first two observations to use as presample data.

load Data_EquityIdx
nasdaq = DataTable.NASDAQ;
r = price2ret(nasdaq);
r0 = r(1:2);
rn = r(3:end);

Fit a GARCH(1,1) model to the returns, and infer the loglikelihood objective function value.

Mdl1 = garch(1,1);
EstMdl1 = estimate(Mdl1,rn,'E0',r0);

 
    GARCH(1,1) Conditional Variance Model (Gaussian Distribution):
 
                  Value      StandardError    TStatistic      PValue  
                _________    _____________    __________    __________

    Constant    2.005e-06     5.4298e-07        3.6926      0.00022197
    GARCH{1}      0.88333      0.0084536        104.49               0
    ARCH{1}       0.10924      0.0076666        14.249      4.5739e-46

[~,logL1] = infer(EstMdl1,rn,'E0',r0);

Fit a GJR(1,1) model to the returns, and infer the loglikelihood objective function value.

Mdl2 = gjr(1,1);
EstMdl2 = estimate(Mdl2,rn,'E0',r0);

 
    GJR(1,1) Conditional Variance Model (Gaussian Distribution):
 
                     Value       StandardError    TStatistic      PValue  
                   __________    _____________    __________    __________

    Constant       2.4754e-06     5.6986e-07        4.3439      1.3997e-05
    GARCH{1}          0.88101      0.0095108        92.632               0
    ARCH{1}          0.064017      0.0091852        6.9696      3.1794e-12
    Leverage{1}      0.089301      0.0099215        9.0007      2.2429e-19

[~,logL2] = infer(EstMdl2,rn,'E0',r0);

Conduct a likelihood ratio test, with the more parsimonious GARCH(1,1) model as the null model, and the GJR(1,1) model as the alternative. The degree of freedom for the test is 1, because the GJR(1,1) model has one more parameter than the GARCH(1,1) model (a leverage term).

[h,p] = lratiotest(logL2,logL1,1)

h = logical
   1

p = 4.5815e-10

The null hypothesis is rejected (h = 1). At the 0.05 significance level, the GARCH(1,1) model is rejected in favor of the GJR(1,1) model.

Input Arguments

Mdl — Conditional variance model

garch model object | egarch model object | gjr model object

Conditional variance model without any unknown parameters, specified as a garch, egarch, or gjr model object.

Mdl cannot contain any properties that have NaN value.

Y — Response data

numeric column vector | numeric matrix

Response data, specified as a numeric column vector or matrix.

As a column vector, Y represents a single path of the underlying series.

As a matrix, the rows of Y correspond to periods and the columns correspond to separate paths. The observations across any row occur simultaneously.

infer infers the conditional variances of Y. Y usually represents an innovation series with mean 0 and variances characterized by Mdl. It is the continuation of the presample innovation series E0. Y can also represent a time series of innovations with mean 0 plus an offset. If Mdl has a nonzero offset, then the software stores its value in the Offset property (Mdl.Offset).

infer assumes that observations across any row occur simultaneously.

The last observation of any series is the latest observation.

Note

NaNs indicate missing values. infer removes missing values. infer uses list-wise deletion to remove any NaNs. Removing NaNs in the data reduces the sample size. Removing missing values, can also create irregular time series.

Name-Value Arguments

Specify optional pairs of arguments as Name1=Value1,...,NameN=ValueN, where Name is the argument name and Value is the corresponding value. Name-value arguments must appear after other arguments, but the order of the pairs does not matter.

Before R2021a, use commas to separate each name and value, and enclose Name in quotes.

Example: 'E0',[1 1;0.5 0.5],'V0',[1 0.5;1 0.5] specifies two equivalent presample paths of innovations and two, different presample paths of conditional variances.

E0 — Presample innovations

numeric column vector | numeric matrix

Presample innovations, specified as the comma-separated pair consisting of 'E0' and a numeric column vector or matrix. The presample innovations provide initial values for the innovations process of the conditional variance model Mdl, and derive from a distribution with mean 0.

E0 must contain at least Mdl.Q elements or rows. If E0 contains extra rows, then infer uses the latest Mdl.Q only.

The last element or row contains the latest presample innovation.

• If E0 is a column vector, it represents a single path of the underlying innovation series. infer applies E0 to each inferred path.

• If E0 is a matrix, then each column represents a presample path of the underlying innovation series. E0 must have at least as many columns as Y. If E0 has more columns than necessary, infer uses the first size(Y,2) columns only.

The defaults are:

• For GARCH(P,Q) and GJR(P,Q) models, infer sets any necessary presample innovations to the square root of the average squared value of the offset-adjusted response series Y.

For EGARCH(P,Q) models, infer sets any necessary presample innovations to zero.

Example: 'E0',[1 1;0.5 0.5]

Data Types: double

V0 — Presample conditional variances

numeric column vector with positive entries | numeric matrix with positive entries

Presample conditional variances, specified as the comma-separated pair consisting of 'V0' and a numeric column vector or matrix with positive entries. V0 provides initial values for the conditional variances in the model.

• If V0 is a column vector, then infer applies it to each output path.

• If V0 is a matrix, then each column represents a presample path of conditional variances. V0 must have at least as many columns as Y. If V0 has more columns than required, infer uses the first size(Y,2) columns only.

• For GARCH(P,Q) and GJR(P,Q) models, V0 must have at least Mdl.P rows (or elements) to initialize the variance equation.

• For EGARCH(P,Q) models, V0 must have at least max(Mdl.P,Mdl.Q) rows to initialize the variance equation.

If the number of rows in V0 exceeds the necessary number, then infer uses the latest, required number of observations only.

The last element row contains the latest observation.

By default, infer sets any necessary observations to the average squared value of the offset-adjusted response series Y.

Example: 'V0',[1 0.5;1 0.5]

Data Types: double

Notes:

• NaNs indicate missing values. infer removes missing values. The software merges the presample data (E0 and V0) separately from the input response data (Y), and then uses list-wise deletion to remove any rows containing at least one NaN. Removing NaNs in the data reduces the sample size. Removing missing values can also create irregular time series.

• infer assumes that you synchronize presample data such that the latest observation of each presample series occurs simultaneously.

• If you do not specify E0 and V0, then infer derives the necessary presample observations from the unconditional, or long-run, variance of the offset-adjusted response process.

  • For all conditional variance models, V0 is the sample average of the squared disturbances of the offset-adjusted response data Y.

  • For GARCH(P,Q) and GJR(P,Q) models, E0 is the square root of the average squared value of the offset-adjusted response series Y.

  • For EGARCH(P,Q) models, E0 is 0.

  These specifications minimize initial transient effects.

Output Arguments

V — Conditional variances

numeric column vector | numeric matrix

Conditional variances inferred from the response data Y, returned as a numeric column vector or matrix.

The dimensions of V and Y are equivalent. If Y is a matrix, then the columns of V are the inferred conditional variance paths corresponding to the columns of Y.

Rows of V are periods corresponding to the periodicity of Y.

logL — Loglikelihood objective function values

scalar | numeric vector

Loglikelihood objective function values associated with the model Mdl, returned as a scalar or numeric vector.

If Y is a vector, then logL is a scalar. Otherwise, logL is vector of length size(Y,2), and each element is the loglikelihood of the corresponding column (or path) in Y.

Data Types: double

References

[1] Bollerslev, T. “Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroskedasticity.” Journal of Econometrics. Vol. 31, 1986, pp. 307–327.

[2] Bollerslev, T. “A Conditionally Heteroskedastic Time Series Model for Speculative Prices and Rates of Return.” The Review of Economics and Statistics. Vol. 69, 1987, pp. 542–547.

[3] Box, G. E. P., G. M. Jenkins, and G. C. Reinsel. Time Series Analysis: Forecasting and Control. 3rd ed. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1994.

[4] Enders, W. Applied Econometric Time Series. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, 1995.

[5] Engle, R. F. “Autoregressive Conditional Heteroskedasticity with Estimates of the Variance of United Kingdom Inflation.” Econometrica. Vol. 50, 1982, pp. 987–1007.

[6] Glosten, L. R., R. Jagannathan, and D. E. Runkle. “On the Relation between the Expected Value and the Volatility of the Nominal Excess Return on Stocks.” The Journal of Finance. Vol. 48, No. 5, 1993, pp. 1779–1801.

[7] Hamilton, J. D. Time Series Analysis. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1994.

Version History

Introduced in R2012a