shortestpathtree

Shortest path tree from node

Syntax

TR = shortestpathtree(G,s)

TR = shortestpathtree(G,s,t)

TR = shortestpathtree(___,Name,Value)

[TR,D] = shortestpathtree(___)

[TR,D,E] = shortestpathtree(___)

Description

TR = shortestpathtree(G,s) returns a directed graph, TR, that contains the tree of shortest paths from source node s to all other nodes in the graph. If the graph is weighted (that is, G.Edges contains a variable Weight), then those weights are used as the distances along the edges in the graph. Otherwise, all edge distances are taken to be 1.

TR = shortestpathtree(G,s,t) computes the tree of shortest paths between multiple source or target nodes:

• s can be a single source node, and t can specify multiple target nodes.

• s can specify several source nodes, and t can specify a single target node.

TR = shortestpathtree(___,Name,Value) uses additional options specified by one or more Name-Value pair arguments, using any of the input argument combinations in previous syntaxes. For example, shortestpathtree(G,s,'OutputForm','vector') returns a numeric vector that describes the shortest path tree.

[TR,D] = shortestpathtree(___) additionally returns the shortest path distance between nodes in the tree.

[TR,D,E] = shortestpathtree(___) additionally returns a logical vector E that indicates whether each graph edge is in TR.

Examples

Shortest Paths from Specified Source Node

Find the shortest paths from a source node to each of the other reachable nodes in a graph, and plot the results.

Create a directed graph.

s = [1 1 2 3 3 4 4 6 6 7 8 7 5];
t = [2 3 4 4 5 5 6 1 8 1 3 2 8];
G = digraph(s,t)

G = 
  digraph with properties:

    Edges: [13×1 table]
    Nodes: [8×0 table]

Calculate the shortest paths from node 1 to each of the other reachable nodes in the graph. Then, plot the resulting tree on top of the graph.

TR = shortestpathtree(G,1);
p = plot(G);
highlight(p,TR,'EdgeColor','r')

Since there is no path from node 1 to node 7, node 7 is disconnected from the tree.

Shortest Paths to Specified Target Node

Find the shortest paths from each node in a graph to a target node, and plot the results.

Create and plot a graph.

s = [1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 7 7 7 7 9 9 3 3 1 6 4 8 10 6 8 4 5];
t = [2 3 4 5 6 8 7 6 7 5 6 8 9 6 8 6 10 10 10 10 10 11 11 11 8 8];
G = graph(s,t);
x = [0 0.5 -0.5 -0.5 0.5 0 1.5 0 2 -1.5 -2];
y = [0 0.5 0.5 -0.5 -0.5 2 0 -2 0 0 0];
plot(G,'XData',x,'YData',y)

Find the shortest paths from each node in the graph to node 10. Plot the resulting tree.

TR = shortestpathtree(G,'all',10);
plot(TR)

Subset of Shortest Paths with Specified Source Node

Find the shortest paths and path lengths from a single source node to several target nodes.

Create and plot a graph.

G = digraph(bucky);
plot(G)

Find the shortest paths from node 23 to several other nodes. Specify OutputForm as cell to return the shortest paths in a cell array. Specify two outputs to also return the shortest path distances.

target = [1 5 13 32 44];
[TR,D] = shortestpathtree(G,23,target,'OutputForm','cell')

TR=5×1 cell array
    {[         23 22 21 4 5 1]}
    {[           23 22 21 4 5]}
    {[23 22 20 16 17 15 14 13]}
    {[      23 22 20 19 18 32]}
    {[      23 24 48 47 46 44]}

D = 1×5

     5     4     7     5     5

tree{j} is the shortest path from node 23 to node target(j) with length D(j).

Find the path and path length from node 21 to node 5.

path = TR{2}

path = 1×5

    23    22    21     4     5

path_length = D(2)

path_length = 
4

Input Arguments

G — Input graph

graph object | digraph object

Input graph, specified as either a graph or digraph object. Use graph to create an undirected graph or digraph to create a directed graph.

Example: G = graph(1,2)

Example: G = digraph([1 2],[2 3])

s — Source node(s)

node indices | node names | 'all'

Source node(s), specified as one or more node indices or node names, or as all nodes in the graph with 'all'.

• When used alone, s must specify a single source node.

• When used together with t, the s and t inputs must satisfy:

  • s can be a single source node, and t can specify multiple target nodes.

  • s can specify several source nodes, and t can specify a single target node.

This table shows the different ways to refer to one or more nodes either by their numeric node indices or by their node names.

Form	Single Node	Multiple Nodes
Node index	Scalar Example: 1	Vector Example: [1 2 3]
Node name	Character vector Example: 'A'	Cell array of character vectors Example: {'A' 'B' 'C'}
	String scalar Example: "A"	String array Example: ["A" "B" "C"]

s must not specify the node name 'all', since this node name conflicts with an option name. Use findnode to instead pass in the node index for this case.

Example: shortestpathtree(G,'a')

Example: shortestpathtree(G,[1 2 3],8)

t — Target node(s)

'all' (default) | node indices | node names

Target node(s), specified as one or more node indices or node names, or as all nodes in the graph with 'all'.

The s and t inputs must satisfy:

• s can be a single source node, and t can specify multiple target nodes.

• s can specify several source nodes, and t can specify a single target node.

t must not specify nodes named 'all', 'Method', or 'OutputForm', since these node names conflict with option names. Use findnode to instead pass in the node index for these cases.

Example: shortestpathtree(G,[1 2 3],8)

Example: shortestpathtree(G,{'a','b','c'},{'f'})

Name-Value Arguments

Specify optional pairs of arguments as Name1=Value1,...,NameN=ValueN, where Name is the argument name and Value is the corresponding value. Name-value arguments must appear after other arguments, but the order of the pairs does not matter.

Before R2021a, use commas to separate each name and value, and enclose Name in quotes.

Example: [TR,D] = shortestpathtree(G,s,t,'Method','unweighted','OutputForm','vector')

OutputForm — Format of output

'tree' (default) | 'cell' | 'vector'

Format of output, specified as the comma-separated pair consisting of 'OutputForm' and one of the options in the table.

Option	Description
'tree' (default)	TR is a directed graph representing the shortest path tree. If specified, the third output E is a logical vector indicating whether each edge is in TR.
'cell'	TR is a cell array, and TR{k} contains the path from s to t(k) or from s(k) to t. If there is no path between the nodes, then TR{k} is empty. If s and t are node names, then TR{k} is a cell array of character vectors. Otherwise, TR{k} is a numeric vector. If specified, the third output E is a cell array indicating the edges on each corresponding path in TR.
'vector'	TR is a vector that describes the tree: If s contains a single source node, then TR(k) is the ID of the node that precedes node k on the path from s to k. By convention, TR(s) = 0. If s contains multiple source nodes, then TR(k) is the ID of the node that succeeds node k on the path from k to t. By convention, TR(t) = 0. In each case TR(k) is NaN if node k is not part of the tree. If specified, the third output E is a vector where E(k) gives the index of the edge of the shortest path tree connecting node k and node TR(k).

Example: shortestpathtree(G,s,'OutputForm','vector')

Method — Shortest path algorithm

'auto' (default) | 'unweighted' | 'positive' | 'mixed' | 'acyclic'

Shortest path algorithm, specified as the comma-separated pair consisting of 'Method' and one of the options in the table.

Option	Description
'auto' (default)	The 'auto' option automatically selects the algorithm: 'unweighted' is used for graph and digraph inputs with no edge weights. 'positive' is used for all graph inputs that have edge weights, and requires the weights to be nonnegative. This option is also used for digraph inputs with nonnegative edge weights. 'mixed' is used for digraph inputs whose edge weights contain some negative values. The graph cannot have negative cycles.
'unweighted'	Breadth-First computation that treats all edge weights as 1.
'positive'	Dijkstra algorithm that requires all edge weights to be nonnegative.
'mixed' (only for digraph)	Bellman-Ford algorithm for directed graphs that requires the graph to have no negative cycles. While 'mixed' is slower than 'positive' for the same problem, 'mixed' is more versatile as it allows some edge weights to be negative.
'acyclic' (only for digraph)	Algorithm designed to improve performance for directed, acyclic graphs (DAGs) with weighted edges. Use isdag to confirm if a directed graph is acyclic.

Note

For most graphs, 'unweighted' is the fastest algorithm, followed by 'acyclic', 'positive', and 'mixed'.

Example: shortestpath(G,s,t,'Method','acyclic')

Output Arguments

TR — Shortest path tree

digraph object (default) | cell array | vector

Shortest path tree, returned as a digraph object, cell array, or vector, depending on the value of 'OutputForm'. Use the highlight function to visualize the shortest path tree on top of a plot of the graph, or use plot(TR) to visualize the shortest path tree on its own.

If there are multiple shortest paths between two nodes, then TR contains only one of the paths. The path that is returned can change depending on which algorithm is specified by Method. The TR output is a graph with zero edges if there are no paths connecting any of the specified nodes.

D — Distance between source and target nodes

vector

Distance between source and target nodes, returned as a vector. A value of Inf indicates there is no path between two nodes.

E — Edges in tree or on path

logical vector (default) | cell array | vector

Edges in tree or on path, returned as a logical vector, cell array, or vector, depending on the value of 'OutputForm':

• If you don't specify 'OutputForm' or specify a value of 'tree', then E is a logical vector indicating whether each graph edge is in directed graph TR. This output is compatible with the 'Edges' name-value pair of highlight, for example: highlight(p,'Edges',E).

• If 'OutputForm' is 'cell', then E is a cell array containing the edges on the corresponding paths in TR.

• If 'OutputForm' is 'vector', then E is a vector which, for each node, gives the index of the edge connecting it to its parent node in the shortest path tree.

Tips

• The shortestpath, shortestpathtree, and distances functions do not support undirected graphs with negative edge weights, or more generally any graph containing a negative cycle, for these reasons:

  • A negative cycle is a path that leads from a node back to itself, with the sum of the edge weights on the path being negative. If a negative cycle is on a path between two nodes, then no shortest path exists between the nodes, since a shorter path can always be found by traversing the negative cycle.

  • A single negative edge weight in an undirected graph creates a negative cycle.

Extended Capabilities

Thread-Based Environment
Run code in the background using MATLAB® backgroundPool or accelerate code with Parallel Computing Toolbox™ ThreadPool.

Version History

Introduced in R2015b