getIOTransfer
Transfer function for specified I/O set using slLinearizer
or slTuner
interface
Syntax
Description
returns the transfer function for the
specified inputs and outputs for the model associated with the
linsys
= getIOTransfer(s
,in
,out
)slLinearizer
or slTuner
interface,
s
.
The software enforces all the permanent openings
specified for s
when it calculates
linsys
. For information on how
getIOTransfer
treats in
and
out
, see Transfer Functions. If you configured either
s.Parameters
, or s.OperatingPoints
, or
both, getIOTransfer
performs multiple linearizations and
returns an array of transfer functions.
returns the transfer function for the inputs and outputs specified by
linsys
= getIOTransfer(s
,ios
)ios
for the model associated with
s
. Use the linio
command to create
ios
. The software enforces the linearization I/O type
of each signal specified in ios
when it calculates
linsys
. The software also enforces all the permanent
loop openings specified for s
.
returns a subset of the batch linearization results.
linsys
= getIOTransfer(___,mdl_index
)mdl_index
specifies the index of the linearizations of
interest, in addition to any of the input arguments in previous syntaxes.
Use this syntax for efficient linearization, when you want to obtain the transfer function for only a subset of the batch linearization results.
Examples
Obtain Closed-Loop Transfer Function from Reference to Plant Output
Obtain the closed-loop transfer function from the reference signal, r
, to the plant output, y
, for the ex_scd_simple_fdbk
model.
Open the ex_scd_simple_fdbk
model.
mdl = 'ex_scd_simple_fdbk';
open_system(mdl);
In this model:
Create an slLinearizer
interface for the model.
sllin = slLinearizer(mdl);
To obtain the closed-loop transfer function from the reference signal, r
, to the plant output, y
, add both points to sllin
.
addPoint(sllin,{'r','y'});
Obtain the closed-loop transfer function from r
to y
.
sys = getIOTransfer(sllin,'r','y'); tf(sys)
ans = From input "r" to output "y": 3 ----- s + 8 Continuous-time transfer function.
The software adds a linearization input at r
, dr
, and a linearization output at y
.
sys
is the transfer function from dr
to y
, which is equal to .
Specify Temporary Loop Opening to Get Plant Model
Obtain the plant model transfer function, G
, for the ex_scd_simple_fdbk
model.
Open the ex_scd_simple_fdbk
model.
mdl = 'ex_scd_simple_fdbk';
open_system(mdl);
In this model:
Create an slLinearizer
interface for the model.
sllin = slLinearizer(mdl);
To obtain the plant model transfer function, use u
as the input point and y
as the output point. To eliminate the effects of feedback, you must break the loop. You can break the loop at u
, e
, or y
. For this example, break the loop at u
. Add these points to sllin
.
addPoint(sllin,{'u','y'});
Obtain the plant model transfer function.
sys = getIOTransfer(sllin,'u','y','u'); tf(sys)
ans = From input "u" to output "y": 1 ----- s + 5 Continuous-time transfer function.
The second input argument specifies u
as the input, while the fourth input argument specifies u
as a temporary loop opening.
sys
is the transfer function from du
to y
, which is equal to .
Obtain Open-Loop Response Transfer Function for Specific Parameter Combination
Suppose you batch linearize the scdcascade
model for multiple transfer functions. For most linearizations, you vary the proportional (Kp2
) and integral gain (Ki2
) of the C2
controller in the 10% range. For this example, calculate the open-loop response transfer function for the inner loop, from e2
to y2
, for the maximum value of Kp2
and Ki2
.
Open the scdcascade
model.
mdl = 'scdcascade';
open_system(mdl)
Create an slLinearizer
interface for the model.
sllin = slLinearizer(mdl);
Vary the proportional (Kp2
) and integral gain (Ki2
) of the C2
controller in the 10% range.
Kp2_range = linspace(0.9*Kp2,1.1*Kp2,3); Ki2_range = linspace(0.9*Ki2,1.1*Ki2,5); [Kp2_grid,Ki2_grid] = ndgrid(Kp2_range,Ki2_range); params(1).Name = 'Kp2'; params(1).Value = Kp2_grid; params(2).Name = 'Ki2'; params(2).Value = Ki2_grid; sllin.Parameters = params;
To calculate the open-loop transfer function for the inner loop, use e2
and y2
as analysis points. To eliminate the effects of the outer loop, break the loop at e2
. Add e2
and y2
to sllin
as analysis points.
addPoint(sllin,{'e2','y2'})
Determine the index for the maximum values of Ki2
and Kp2
.
mdl_index = params(1).Value == max(Kp2_range) & params(2).Value == max(Ki2_range);
Obtain the open-loop transfer function from e2
to y2
.
sys = getIOTransfer(sllin,'e2','y2','e2',mdl_index);
Obtain Offsets from Input/Output Transfer Function
Open Simulink® model.
mdl = 'scdcascade';
open_system(mdl)
Create a linearization option set, and set the StoreOffsets
option.
opt = linearizeOptions('StoreOffsets',true);
Create slLinearizer
interface.
sllin = slLinearizer(mdl,opt);
Add analysis points to calculate the closed-loop transfer function.
addPoint(sllin,{'r','y1m'});
Calculate the input/output transfer function, and obtain the corresponding linearization offsets.
[sys,info] = getIOTransfer(sllin,'r','y1m');
View offsets.
info.Offsets
ans = struct with fields: x: [6x1 double] dx: [6x1 double] u: 1 y: 0 StateName: {6x1 cell} InputName: {'r'} OutputName: {'y1m'} Ts: 0
Input Arguments
s
— Interface to Simulink® model
slLinearizer
interface | slTuner
interface
Interface to a Simulink model, specified as either an slLinearizer
interface or an slTuner
interface.
in
— Input analysis point signal name
character vector | string | cell array of character vectors | string array
Input analysis point signal name, specified as:
Character vector or string — Analysis point signal name.
To determine the signal name associated with an analysis point, type
s
. The software displays the contents ofs
in the MATLAB® command window, including the analysis point signal names, block names, and port numbers. Suppose that an analysis point does not have a signal name, but only a block name and port number. You can specifyin
as the block name. To use a point not in the list of analysis points fors
, first add the point usingaddPoint
.You can specify
in
as a uniquely matching portion of the full signal name or block name. Suppose that the full signal name of an analysis point is'LoadTorque'
. You can specifyin
as'Torque'
as long as'Torque'
is not a portion of the signal name for any other analysis point ofs
.For example,
in = 'y1m'
.Cell array of character vectors or string array — Specifies multiple analysis point names. For example,
in = {'y1m','y2m'}
.
out
— Output analysis point signal name
character vector | string | cell array of character vectors | string array
Output analysis point signal name, specified as:
Character vector or string — Analysis point signal name.
To determine the signal name associated with an analysis point, type
s
. The software displays the contents ofs
in the MATLAB command window, including the analysis point signal names, block names, and port numbers. Suppose that an analysis point does not have a signal name, but only a block name and port number. You can specifyout
as the block name. To use a point not in the list of analysis points fors
, first add the point usingaddPoint
.You can specify
out
as a uniquely matching portion of the full signal name or block name. Suppose that the full signal name of an analysis point is'LoadTorque'
. You can specifyout
as'Torque'
as long as'Torque'
is not a portion of the signal name for any other analysis point ofs
.For example,
out = 'y1m'
.Cell array of character vectors or string array — Specifies multiple analysis point names. For example,
out = {'y1m','y2m'}
.
temp_opening
— Temporary opening signal name
character vector | string | cell array of character vectors | string array
Temporary opening signal name, specified as:
Character vector or string — Analysis point signal name.
temp_opening
must specify an analysis point that is in the list of analysis points fors
. To determine the signal name associated with an analysis point, types
. The software displays the contents ofs
in the MATLAB command window, including the analysis point signal names, block names, and port numbers. Suppose that an analysis point does not have a signal name, but only a block name and port number. You can specifytemp_opening
as the block name. To use a point not in the list of analysis points fors
, first add the point usingaddPoint
.You can specify
temp_opening
as a uniquely matching portion of the full signal name or block name. Suppose that the full signal name of an analysis point is'LoadTorque'
. You can specifytemp_opening
as'Torque'
as long as'Torque'
is not a portion of the signal name for any other analysis point ofs
.For example,
temp_opening = 'y1m'
.Cell array of character vectors or string array — Specifies multiple analysis point names. For example,
temp_opening = {'y1m','y2m'}
.
ios
— Linearization I/Os
linearization I/O object
Linearization I/Os, created using linio
,
specified as a linearization I/O object.
ios
must specify signals that are in the
list of analysis points for s
. To view the list
of analysis points, type s
. To use a point that
is not in the list of analysis points for s
,
you must first add the point to the list using addPoint
.
For example:
ios(1) = linio('scdcascade/setpoint',1,'input'); ios(2) = linio('scdcascade/Sum',1,'output');
Here, ios(1)
specifies an input, and ios(2)
specifies
an output.
mdl_index
— Index for linearizations of interest
array of logical values | vector of positive integers
Index for linearizations of interest, specified as:
Array of logical values — Logical array index of linearizations of interest. Suppose that you vary two parameters,
par1
andpar2
, and want to extract the linearization for the combination ofpar1 > 0.5
andpar2 <= 5
. Use:params = s.Parameters; mdl_index = params(1).Value>0.5 & params(2).Value <= 5;
The expression
params(1).Value>0.5 & params(2).Value<5
uses logical indexing and returns a logical array. This logical array is the same size asparams(1).Value
andparams(2).Value
. Each entry contains the logical evaluation of the expression for corresponding entries inparams(1).Value
andparams(2).Value
.Vector of positive integers — Linear index of linearizations of interest. Suppose that you vary two parameters,
par1
andpar2
, and want to extract the linearization for the combination ofpar1 > 0.5
andpar2 <= 5
. Use:params = s.Parameters; mdl_index = find(params(1).Value>0.5 & params(2).Value <= 5);
The expression
params(1).Value>0.5 & params(2).Value<5
returns a logical array.find
returns the linear index of every true entry in the logical array
Output Arguments
linsys
— Transfer function for specified I/Os
state-space model
Transfer function for specified I/Os, returned as described in the following:
If you did not configure
s.Parameters
ands.OperatingPoints
, the software calculateslinsys
using the default model parameter values. The software uses the model initial conditions as the linearization operating point.linsys
is returned as a state-space model.If you configured
s.Parameters
only, the software computes a linearization for each parameter grid point.linsys
is returned as a state-space model array of the same size as the parameter grid.If you configured
s.OperatingPoints
only, the software computes a linearization for each specified operating point.linsys
is returned as a state-space model array of the same size ass.OperatingPoints
.If you configured
s.Parameters
and specifieds.OperatingPoints
as a single operating point, the software computes a linearization for each parameter grid point. The software uses the specified operating point as the linearization operating point.linsys
is returned as a state-space model array of the same size as the parameter grid.If you configured
s.Parameters
and specifieds.OperatingPoints
as multiple operating point objects, the software computes a linearization for each parameter grid point. The software requires thats.OperatingPoints
is the same size as the parameter grid specified bys.Parameters
. The software computes each linearization using corresponding operating points and parameter grid points.linsys
is returned as a state-space model array of the same size as the parameter grid.If you configured
s.Parameters
and specifieds.OperatingPoints
as multiple simulation snapshot times, the software simulates and linearizes the model for each snapshot time and parameter grid point combination. Suppose that you specify a parameter grid of sizep
andN
snapshot times.linsys
is returned as a state-space model array of sizeN
-by-p
.
For most models, linsys
is returned as an ss
object or an array of
ss
objects. However, if your model contains one of
the following blocks in the linearization path defined by
in
and out
, then
linsys
returns the specified type of state-space
model.
Block | linsys Type |
---|---|
Block with a substitution specified as a
genss object or tunable model
object | genss |
Block with a substitution specified as an uncertain
model, such as uss | uss (Robust Control Toolbox) |
Sparse Second Order block | mechss |
Descriptor State-Space block configured to linearize to a sparse model | sparss |
info
— Linearization information
structure
Linearization information, returned as a structure with the following fields:
Offsets
— Linearization offsets
[]
(default) | structure | structure array
Linearization offsets, returned as []
if
s.Options.StoreOffsets
is false
.
Otherwise, Offsets
is returned as one of the
following:
If
linsys
is a single state-space model, thenOffsets
is a structure.If
linsys
is an array of state-space models, thenOffsets
is a structure array with the same dimensions aslinsys
.
Each offset structure has the following fields:
Field | Description |
---|---|
x | State offsets used for linearization, returned as a column vector of length
nx, where
nx is the number of states in
linsys . |
y | Output offsets used for linearization, returned as a column vector of length
ny, where
ny is the number of outputs in
linsys . |
u | Input offsets used for linearization, returned as a column vector of length
nu, where
nu is the number of inputs in
linsys . |
dx | Derivative offsets for continuous time systems or updated state values for discrete-time systems, returned as a column vector of length nx. |
StateName | State names, returned as a cell array that contains
nx elements that match the names
in linsys.StateName . |
InputName | Input names, returned as a cell array that contains
nu elements that match the names
in linsys.InputName . |
OutputName | Output names, returned as a cell array that contains
ny elements that match the names
in linsys.OutputName . |
Ts | Sample time of the linearized system, returned as a scalar that matches the sample time in
linsys.Ts . For continuous-time systems,
Ts is 0 . |
If Offsets
is a structure array, you can
configure an LPV System block using
the offsets. To do so, first convert them to the required format using getOffsetsForLPV
. For an example, see Approximate Nonlinear Behavior Using Array of LTI Systems.
Advisor
— Linearization diagnostic information
[]
(default) | LinearizationAdvisor
object | array of LinearizationAdvisor
objects
Linearization diagnostic information, returned as []
if
s.Options.StoreAdvisor
is false
.
Otherwise, Advisor
is returned as one of the
following:
If
linsys
is a single state-space model,Advisor
is aLinearizationAdvisor
object.If
linsys
is an array of state-space models,Advisor
is an array ofLinearizationAdvisor
objects with the same dimensions aslinsys
.
LinearizationAdvisor
objects store linearization
diagnostic information for individual linearized blocks. For an example of
troubleshooting linearization results using a
LinearizationAdvisor
object, see Troubleshoot Linearization Results at Command Line.
More About
Transfer Functions
A transfer function is an LTI system response at a linearization output point to a linearization input. You perform linear analysis on transfer functions to understand the stability, time-domain characteristics, or frequency-domain characteristics of a system.
You can calculate multiple transfer functions for a given block
diagram. Consider the ex_scd_simple_fdbk
model:
You can calculate the transfer function from the reference input
signal to the plant output signal. The reference input (also
referred to as setpoint), r
,
originates at the Reference block, and the plant
output, y
, originates at the G block.
This transfer function is also called the overall closed-loop transfer
function. To calculate this transfer function, the software adds a
linearization input at r
, dr
,
and a linearization output at y
.
The software calculates the overall closed-loop transfer function
as the transfer function from dr
to y
,
which is equal to (I+GK)-1GK.
Observe that the transfer function from r
to y
is
equal to the transfer function from dr
to y
.
You can calculate the plant transfer function from
the plant input, u
, to the plant output, y
.
To isolate the plant dynamics from the effects of the feedback loop,
introduce a loop break (or opening) at y
, e
,
or, as shown, at u
.
The software breaks the loop and adds a linearization input, du
,
at u
, and a linearization output at y
.
The plant transfer function is equal to the transfer function from du
to y
,
which is G.
Similarly, to obtain the controller transfer function,
calculate the transfer function from the controller input, e
,
to the controller output, u
. Break the feedback
loop at y
, e
, or u
.
You can use getIOTransfer
to obtain various
open-loop and closed-loop transfer functions. To configure the transfer
function, specify analysis
points as inputs, outputs, and openings (temporary or permanent), in
any combination. The software treats each combination uniquely. Consider
the following code that shows some different ways that you can use
the analysis point, u
, to obtain a transfer function:
sllin = slLinearizer('ex_scd_simple_fdbk') addPoint(sllin,{'u','e','y'}) T0 = getIOTransfer(sllin,'e','y','u'); T1 = getIOTransfer(sllin,'u','y'); T2 = getIOTransfer(sllin,'u','y','u'); T3 = getIOTransfer(sllin,'y','u'); T4 = getIOTransfer(sllin,'y','u','u'); T5 = getIOTransfer(sllin,'u','u'); T6 = getIOTransfer(sllin,'u','u','u');
In T0
, u
specifies a loop
break. In T1
, u
specifies only
an input, whereas in T2
, u
specifies
an input and an opening, also referred to as an open-loop
input. In T3
, u
specifies
only an output, whereas in T4
, u
specifies
an output and an opening, also referred to as an open-loop
output. In T5
, u
specifies
an input and an output, also referred to as a complementary
sensitivity point. In T6
, u
specifies
an input, an output, and an opening, also referred to as a loop
transfer point. The table describes how getIOTransfer
treats
the analysis points, with an emphasis on the different uses of u
.
u Specifies... | How getIOTransfer Treats
Analysis Points | Transfer Function |
---|---|---|
Loop break Example code: T0 = getIOTransfer(... sllin,'e','y','u') | The software stops the signal flow at
|
|
Input Example code: T1 = getIOTransfer(... sllin,'u','y') | The software adds a linearization input,
|
|
Open-loop input Example code: T2 = getIOTransfer(... sllin,'u','y','u') | The software breaks the signal flow and adds
a linearization input, |
|
Output Example code: T3 = getIOTransfer(... sllin,'y','u') | The software adds a linearization input,
|
|
Open-loop output Example code: T4 = getIOTransfer(... sllin,'y','u','u') | The software adds a linearization input,
|
|
Complementary sensitivity point Example code: T5 = getIOTransfer(... sllin,'u','u') Tip You also can obtain the complementary sensitivity function
using | The software adds a linearization output and
a linearization input, |
|
Loop transfer function point Example code: T6 = getIOTransfer(... sllin,'u','u','u') Tip You also can obtain the loop transfer function using
| The software adds a linearization output,
breaks the loop, and adds a linearization input,
|
|
The software does not modify the Simulink model when it computes the transfer function.
Analysis Points
Analysis points, used
by the slLinearizer
and slTuner
interfaces,
identify locations within a model that are relevant for linear analysis
and control system tuning. You use analysis points as inputs to the
linearization commands, such as getIOTransfer
, getLoopTransfer
, getSensitivity
, and getCompSensitivity
. As inputs to the
linearization commands, analysis points can specify any open-loop
or closed-loop transfer function in a model. You can also use analysis
points to specify design requirements when tuning control systems
using commands such as systune
.
Location refers to a specific block output port within a model or to a bus element in such an output port. For convenience, you can use the name of the signal that originates from this port to refer to an analysis point.
You can add analysis points to an slLinearizer
or slTuner
interface, s
,
when you create the interface. For example:
s = slLinearizer('scdcascade',{'u1','y1'});
Alternatively, you can use the addPoint
command.
To view all the analysis points of s
, type s
at
the command prompt to display the interface contents. For each analysis
point of s
, the display includes the block name
and port number and the name of the signal that originates at this
point. You can also programmatically obtain a list of all the analysis
points using getPoints
.
For more information about how you can use analysis points, see Mark Signals of Interest for Control System Analysis and Design and Mark Signals of Interest for Batch Linearization.
Permanent Openings
Permanent openings,
used by the slLinearizer
and slTuner
interfaces,
identify locations within a model where the software breaks the signal
flow. The software enforces these openings for linearization and tuning.
Use permanent openings to isolate a specific model component. Suppose
that you have a large-scale model capturing aircraft dynamics and
you want to perform linear analysis on the airframe only. You can
use permanent openings to exclude all other components of the model.
Another example is when you have cascaded loops within your model
and you want to analyze a specific loop.
Location refers to a specific block output port within a model. For convenience, you can use the name of the signal that originates from this port to refer to an opening.
You can add permanent openings to an slLinearizer
or slTuner
interface, s
,
when you create the interface or by using the addOpening
command. To remove a location
from the list of permanent openings, use the removeOpening
command.
To view all the openings of s
, type s
at
the command prompt to display the interface contents. For each permanent
opening of s
, the display includes the block name
and port number and the name of the signal that originates at this
location. You can also programmatically obtain a list of all the permanent
loop openings using getOpenings
.
Version History
Introduced in R2013bR2020b: Linearize Simulink model to a sparse state-space model
You can linearize and obtain a sparse model from a Simulink model that contains a Sparse Second Order or Descriptor State-Space block.
mechss
model when you use a Sparse Second Order in your Simulink model.sparss
model when you use a Descriptor State-Space block and select the Linearize to sparse model block parameter.
For more information, see Sparse Model Basics. For an example, see Linearize Simulink Model to a Sparse Second-Order Model Object.
R2016b: Compute operating point offsets for model inputs, outputs, states, and state derivatives during linearization
You can compute operating point offsets for model inputs, outputs, states, and state derivatives when linearizing Simulink models. Thee offsets streamline the creation of linear parameter-varying (LPV) systems.
To obtain operating point offsets, first create a linearizeOptions
or slTunerOptions
object and set the
StoreOffsets
option to true
. Then,
create an slLinearizer
or slTuner
interface for the
model.
You can extract the offsets from the info
output argument of
getIOTransfer
and convert them into the required format for
the LPV System block using the getOffsetsForLPV
function.
See Also
slLinearizer
| slTuner
| addPoint
| addOpening
| getLoopTransfer
| getSensitivity
| getCompSensitivity
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